If you fail to plan and don't allow yourself enough recovery time in between axial training, you put yourself at risk irritating chronic injuries, burnout, and hard-to-conquer training plateaus. A key definition is A )Tj 6.96 0 0 6.96 451.921 550.577 Tm (reduced)Tj 12 0 0 12 474.001 552.977 Tm 0 Tw ( which)Tj -32 -1.16 TD 0.0002 Tw (varies not only with geometry, but also between references, hence one must be careful to)Tj 0 -1.14 TD (use it correctly. So, for this problem, our dimensions satisfy the stiffness requirement. Usual nominal dimensions in U.S. Examples include back squat, cleans, deadlifts, and overhead presses. *9/u *)Tj 2.8802 -0.763 TD 0.6615 Tc (*. Introduction. #k_3#EK+u#Lj#e!4DmF!4;g9zzz!T4'2"%<="!0.+:";q9d!mUct!+,_:"&/h] More hysteresis energy was lost up to 3000 cycles of loading in the axial torque group (P<0.014). This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Now, the force created by the load can be calculated as. _Z4$F_Z7IR_Z9-,_Z9]+TUs4+TMQDDZV'^If^bnY6#jI!rstU+TO_.+TP:>+TMTG_ZI^W+p&qi There are times when the area is not)Tj T* 0.0002 Tw (uniform, or dimensions change, but those scenarios will be covered under stress)Tj 0 -1.14 TD (concentrations. The maximum)Tj T* (stress )Tj /F10 1 Tf 2.48 0 TD 0 Tw (s)Tj /F4 1 Tf 6.96 0 0 6.96 126.997 79.937 Tm (max)Tj 12 0 0 12 138.961 82.337 Tm 0.0001 Tw ( created by the nonuniformity may often be determined by multiplying the)Tj ET 0.5 w 186.916 389.329 m 203.168 389.329 l 221.076 389.329 m 238.203 389.329 l 251.517 389.329 m 271.957 389.329 l 289.865 389.329 m 299.147 389.329 l 312.461 389.329 m 337.183 389.329 l 375.687 389.329 m 402.909 389.329 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 12.001 0 2.64 11.985 166.695 386.239 Tm 0 Tw (d)Tj 7.4153 -0.763 TD 5.1128 Tc [(dd)234.4(d)]TJ 12.001 0 0 11.985 176.977 386.239 Tm 1.8807 Tc [(=\336)-85.4(=)-348.9(\336)568.2(=)-705.7(\336)734.9(=)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 0.9427 0.6276 TD 0 Tc (PL)Tj -0.0156 -1.3906 TD (EA)Tj 2.875 1.3906 TD (AE)Tj 0.3359 -1.3906 TD (L)Tj 2.1719 1.3906 TD 2.613 Tc (PA)Tj 3.2318 -1.3906 TD 0 Tc (L)Tj 2.0234 1.3906 TD (P)Tj -0.1771 -1.3906 TD (E)Tj 3.4974 0.763 TD (A)Tj 1.7708 0.6276 TD 0.9411 Tc (PL)Tj 0.1042 -1.3906 TD 0 Tc (E)Tj 7.001 0 0 6.991 260.549 374.067 Tm [(all)-8555.7(all)-8153.9(all)]TJ /F3 1 Tf -0.3527 2.3884 TD [(max)-7287(m)0.1(ax)-7005.8(max)]TJ 12.001 0 0 11.985 404.909 386.239 Tm ( \(3\))Tj ET endstream endobj 18 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F2 5 0 R /F3 6 0 R /F4 7 0 R /F7 9 0 R /F8 10 0 R /F9 11 0 R /F10 12 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 14 0 R >> >> endobj 20 0 obj << /Length 10588 >> stream Chapter 2 Axial Loaded Members 2.1 Introduction Axial loaded member : structural components subjected only to tension or compression, such as trusses, connecting rods, columns, etc. We will break it up as follows: the)Tj T* (section above the fillet , the average of the section of the fillet, and the section below the)Tj T* (fillet. )596.3(\))1583.3(\))]TJ 15.8255 0.763 TD 3.2292 Tc (..)Tj /F10 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 90.001 391.217 Tm 0 Tc (\267)Tj /F13 1 Tf 0.46 0 TD ( )Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.04 0 TD 0.0002 Tw (Next, find the average area of the fillet section by approximating with a straight line. Terms and Conditions, !GDIM!.=j%!-/$i!-n`M"O[\!#P^I )rtS!Vccs For the eccentrically loaded column specimens, the lateral displacement due to eccentric moment and axial shortening due to axial compression increased with time. Service load analysis of slender reinforced concrete columns. +C&$Q!ejcZYQ9G\/M&$K"!pC? The force owing to the axial load acts on the central axis of the object, and it can be a compressing or stretching force. Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary, ACI 318-14. !Iu3lJ3X-c])akk!5e$k> For elastic materials, )Tj /F10 1 Tf 25.3897 0 TD 0 Tw (s)Tj /F4 1 Tf 6.96 0 0 6.96 401.914 333.377 Tm (all)Tj 12 0 0 12 408.721 335.777 Tm ( is usually determined)Tj -26.56 -1.2 TD (by )Tj /F10 1 Tf 1.26 0 TD (s)Tj /F4 1 Tf 6.96 0 0 6.96 112.357 318.977 Tm (yield)Tj 12 0 0 12 126.241 321.377 Tm 0.0002 Tw ( /F.S. )Tj /F10 1 Tf -1.5 -1.16 TD (\267)Tj /F13 1 Tf 0.46 0 TD ( )Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.04 0 TD 0.0002 Tw (It is welded on both sides a depth c into fixture)Tj /F10 1 Tf -1.5 -1.16 TD 0 Tw (\267)Tj /F13 1 Tf 0.46 0 TD ( )Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.04 0 TD 0.0001 Tw (The length above the fillet is 1 in., the length where the fillet occurs is 0.5 in, and the)Tj 0 -1.14 TD 0 Tw (length below the fillet is 0.5 in. )Tj /F4 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 90.001 256.337 Tm (This time, )Tj /F10 1 Tf 4.3063 0 TD (s)Tj /F4 1 Tf 6.96 0 0 6.96 148.913 253.937 Tm (trial)Tj 12 0 0 12 160.081 256.337 Tm ( > /ExtGState << /GS1 14 0 R >> >> endobj 36 0 obj << /Length 9269 >> stream TSE: Planning and Performing Experiments, Analyzing Experimental Results, and Drafting the Manuscript. The steel yield strength was changed to 440 MPa from 288 MPa in this analysis, while concrete compressive strength was kept steady at 36.7 MPa in the filled centre of CFST columns D/T was ranged from 20 to 37.5 and L/D was varied from 4.0 . The central axis, or the axis of rotation of an object, is that axis around which the object can spin. We can look at the first moment of area in each direction from the following formulas: The first moment of area is the integral of a length over an area - that means it will have the units of length cubed [L 3 ]. A force can act on an object in various ways. J7Sb3IK=tM!J!95J6i8,.fk/? -*RLu!?ak9&7A$O7^*G386H9C+WDRJ=Y22/&joo+%'Tj\YQQ6V$tLSn@:ZkQ#Z4^. !&4I.!+Z(D!/U]C!65)r!@n2Z!Xo.V"/?"""T&BDro!ed! 3^#6j+J0t^5UMeb1-ctJR5.#SNfl._+HDU?5UM/C1-ct8N&!XFH@[h:+F8So5UL;j :9c1!/LWA!Fu=G!0.%8!IOn1!2]gh""=Ck"tBfl!QbCW Besides highlighting the oftentimes neglected role of repetitive subpathological axial load forces in traumatic . There is also strong evidence that repetitive load-ing affect both discs and vertebrae, and can cause path- ()7Ms&ePZc%LigS$4-tC"pG,3!W`9P73b90+L!2#YQQ9t84Y?a81cA],=Z(F 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. There are various locations at which a load can act on an object. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. !#u7F!$;4u!#u'@!$;4sZ5cme\,d,G-7g7M!=f)N"9GqQq&JH;ko@27!Oa*6*4m+4M9e+3?1G#Q_4Q]I(,h!O!t!OoD. (2004). and Shandong Provincial Key Lab. There is also strong evidence that repetitive load-ing affect both discs and vertebrae, and can cause path- ;Q`t!$;93Z77=G\,r*a.k)qiJ@Yc3]E*O\!J$mF Dept. )Tj /F6 1 Tf 0 -4.66 TD 0.0003 Tc (Deformation)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0 -1.4 TD 0 Tc (To determine the deformation of the bracket, we will break it into three sections and)Tj 0 -1.14 TD (perform vector addition to each section to determine whether or not our dimensions are)Tj 0 -1.16 TD 0.0001 Tw (large enough to prevent an unacceptable deformation. )Tj -13.88 -2.3 TD 0 Tw (For this case,)Tj ET 0.5 w 228.768 385.249 m 274.574 385.249 l 324.69 385.249 m 369.808 385.249 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 11.998 0 2.64 11.985 183.463 382.159 Tm (s)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.999 0 0 6.991 191.899 379.132 Tm (trial)Tj 11.998 0 0 11.985 218.364 382.159 Tm (K)Tj 2.9609 0.6276 TD (P)Tj -2.0443 -1.3906 TD (W)Tj 15.4089 0.763 TD (psi)Tj /F9 1 Tf -17.1667 0 TD (=)Tj 2.9948 -0.763 TD (-)Tj 2.8125 0.763 TD (=)Tj 4.8151 -0.763 TD (-)Tj 3.1224 0.763 TD (=)Tj /F3 1 Tf -11.0026 0.6276 TD (16)Tj 1.013 -1.3906 TD 0.25 Tc [(02)250(5)]TJ 2.8516 0.763 TD 0 Tc [(2)-250(422)]TJ 3.0703 0.6276 TD [(16)-729.1(1000)]TJ 0.3125 -1.3906 TD 0.8932 Tc [(10)643.2(2)893.2(5)]TJ 4.5521 0.763 TD 0 Tc (51700)Tj 6.999 0 0 6.991 237.58 370.018 Tm (1)Tj 11.998 0 0 11.985 259.326 373.015 Tm (. This can cause deformations in the object, which are a result of the stress caused by the load. statement and The lateral displacement at the top of the eccentrically loaded column specimens can also increase due to the second-order effect (i.e. Repetitive axial spinal loading affects the disc height (Gooyers et al. The force which will be acting on the object is a result of the load, and such a load has two components radial and axial. The objectives of this study were twofold; to measure the occlusion of the foramina due to two types of repetitive loading and to investigate whether . Under an axial load a member in tension lengthens, a member in compression shortens and deformation due to shear is usually not significant for design purposes. !E9' )'_O[*ln'ah \(1997\). @C<92r+u-3?h>>)J1EYS'$*a' This allowable value will either be provided in the problem)Tj -5.18 -1.16 TD (statement, specified in a technical standard or code, or it may have to be deduced from)Tj T* (the information provided. !*TBD!/U\R!)`e#!(6gO!?(pE!&">G!!<4p!6kK[! A list of steps necessary to)Tj 0 -1.16 TD (complete design of the bracket are:)Tj /F10 1 Tf -1.5 -2.3 TD 0 Tw (\267)Tj /F13 1 Tf 0.46 0 TD ( )Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.04 0 TD 0.0002 Tw (First, we will deal with the lower section of the bracket, neglecting the fillet. Cyclic stress is the distribution of forces (aka stresses) that change over time in a repetitive fashion. So here we need only be concerned with normal forces. The deformation of such)Tj 0 -1.16 TD 0.0001 Tw (a member is calculated by using the same formula but by applying vector addition to each)Tj T* 0 Tw (section to obtain the total deformation. Farmington Hills: American Concrete Institute. )Tj 0.7891 -1.3906 TD (*. "H!6o!OMh."K;A$!]^9,! )Tj /F10 1 Tf -1.5 -1.16 TD 0 Tw (\267)Tj /F13 1 Tf 0.46 0 TD ( )Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.04 0 TD 0.0002 Tw (Last, we will check all of our dimensions by using the allowable deformation. By using this website, you agree to our )Tj /F13 1 Tf 0.75 0 TD ( )Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.75 0 TD 0.0002 Tw (What are we trying to find? https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-018-0312-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-018-0312-1. From recently published Examples include back squat, cleans, deadlifts, and overhead presses. !BW=g/A\6EgtF6Eh(i !!!-.!!E9A!,qo?!!!-.!!WEC!/s<88l&,J.m\2i@;JY;6q0dE9LCkD!)3Gm!)`f. )Tj ET 0.501 w 111.309 330.471 m 127.556 330.471 l 140.865 330.471 m 220.661 330.471 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 11.998 0 2.639 12.034 91.094 327.368 Tm (d)Tj 11.998 0 0 12.034 101.374 327.368 Tm 1.9145 Tc [(==)-5296.9(=)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 0.9427 0.6276 TD 0 Tc (PL)Tj -0.0156 -1.3906 TD (EA)Tj 13.362 0.763 TD (in)Tj /F3 1 Tf -9.7318 0.6276 TD [(1000)-823(0)-250(5)]TJ -1.2109 -1.3906 TD [(29000000)-823(0)-250(0)0(8)]TJ 7.6823 0.763 TD [(0)-250(00022)]TJ -4.3099 0.6276 TD 0.6615 Tc (*. Next, round that number up \(or down depending on the application\))Tj T* 0.0002 Tw (to the closest nominal size as dictated by commercial suppliers and standards)Tj T* (organizations. Seoul: Korean Concrete Institute. Fintel, M., Ghosh, S. K., & Iyengar, H. (1987). And as you get older, it'll be wise to reduce the amount of axial loading you perform in the gym. This is)Tj -25.72 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tw (approximately 52% of the strength for compression and tension. )Tj /F9 1 Tf -3.875 3.6953 TD 3.0239 Tc [(==)-1140.6(=)]TJ 11.9427 -0.763 TD 0 Tc (-)Tj -12.3229 -2.1693 TD (=)Tj 2.9948 -0.763 TD (-)Tj /F7 1 Tf -1.7734 3.6953 TD 2.9059 Tc (KK)Tj 5.5208 0.6276 TD 0 Tc (P)Tj -0.9531 -1.3906 TD (A)Tj 3.7187 0.763 TD (K)Tj 2.5078 0.6276 TD (P)Tj -1.5938 -1.3906 TD 0.3861 Tc [(tW)-827.8(D)]TJ -9.5807 -2.1693 TD 0 Tc (K)Tj 2.9609 0.6276 TD (P)Tj -2.0443 -1.3906 TD (W)Tj 6.999 0 0 7 262.073 629.363 Tm (nom)Tj 6.4018 -1.3125 TD (reduced)Tj -12.5313 -3.7187 TD (all)Tj /F3 1 Tf 21.8527 3.7232 TD (1)Tj -15.9911 -5.0268 TD (1)Tj 11.998 0 0 12 263.791 604.707 Tm (16)Tj 1.013 -1.3906 TD 0.25 Tc [(02)250(5)]TJ /F10 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 90.001 531.137 Tm 0 Tc (\267)Tj /F13 1 Tf 0.46 0 TD ( )Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.04 0 TD 0.0002 Tw (We must first choose a W)Tj 6.96 0 0 6.96 232.321 528.737 Tm 0 Tw (1)Tj 12 0 0 12 235.921 531.137 Tm 0.0001 Tw ( to start with and find the K value corresponding to it. YQZ$A9!'Dha+KtlT!>$A9! The formula to calculate the stress due to axial load is, = F/A Here, = The stress caused by the axial load. ACI Special Publication, SP129-03, pp. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. The ratio of lateral strain to axial strain was more than 0.5, even closes to 1. *)Tj 3.6797 0.6276 TD 0 Tc (*)Tj 1.1328 -1.3906 TD (. )Tj ET 0.499 w 263.431 469.633 m 276.121 469.633 l 324.723 469.633 m 337.413 469.633 l 395.517 469.633 m 408.206 469.633 l S BT /F7 1 Tf 12.002 0 0 11.97 194.638 466.547 Tm 0 Tw (K)Tj 6.3151 0.6276 TD (r)Tj -0.5078 -1.3906 TD (W)Tj 5.6146 1.3906 TD (r)Tj -0.5078 -1.3906 TD (W)Tj 6.4063 1.3906 TD (r)Tj -0.5078 -1.3906 TD (W)Tj /F9 1 Tf -15.8307 0.763 TD 0.9067 Tc [(=-)-3138.1(+)]TJ 9.3437 0.4661 TD 0 Tc (\346)Tj 0 -1.0495 TD (\350)Tj 1.5964 1.0495 TD (\366)Tj 0 -1.0495 TD (\370)Tj 1.1146 0.5833 TD (-)Tj 3.1875 0.4661 TD (\346)Tj 0 -1.0495 TD (\350)Tj 1.5964 1.0495 TD (\366)Tj 0 -1.0495 TD (\370)Tj /F3 1 Tf -16.0521 0.5833 TD 0.9115 Tc [(33)661.5(1)911.5(3)]TJ 4.0182 0.6276 TD 0 Tc (2)Tj 1.9896 -0.6276 TD 0.25 Tc [(36)250(6)]TJ 3.1172 0.6276 TD 0 Tc (2)Tj 2.8177 -0.6276 TD 0.25 Tc [(15)250(3)]TJ 3.0807 0.6276 TD 0 Tc (2)Tj 7.001 0 0 6.982 343.914 480.231 Tm 9.5982 Tc (23)Tj 12.002 0 0 11.97 238.802 466.547 Tm 1.1172 Tc [(.*)-1612(.)-36.4(*)-2914(. !&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8 If such measurement errors were taken into account, the agreements between the predicted and measured lateral displacements might be better. %PDF-1.1 % )Tj /F2 1 Tf 0 -2.22 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0007 Tw (Design for Stiffness)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0 -1.38 TD 0 Tc 0.0002 Tw (Stiffness, in the case of uniaxial loading, is associated with an allowable deformation:)Tj 0 -1.16 TD 0 Tw (extension or)Tj 1 0 0 rg 4.92 0 TD ( )Tj 0 g 0.26 0 TD 0.0001 Tw (contraction. )Tj /F2 1 Tf 0 -2.22 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0005 Tw (Design for Strength)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0 -1.38 TD 0 Tc 0.0002 Tw (Strength is the most important component to safe design. 2007). !l"d\Z=G$i5mmb+!6PQI!$;9J!9jah!$;9>!29`!5\_B+-::? )Tj -1.5 -2.34 TD 0 Tw (Lower Section)Tj /F6 1 Tf 0 -2.2 TD (FBD:)Tj ET 0 G 0 J 0 j 0.72 w 10 M []0 d 1 i 302.521 176.657 m 302.521 147.377 l S 298.561 148.337 m 302.401 140.417 l 306.241 148.337 l 298.561 148.337 l f* 306.121 284.657 m 306.121 255.377 l S 309.841 283.937 m 306.001 291.857 l 302.161 283.937 l 309.841 283.937 l f* 1 g 263.281 176.897 78.48 64.08 re f 262.921 241.337 79.2 -64.8 re S 262.801 241.457 m 264.721 242.417 l 266.881 243.377 l 268.321 244.337 l 269.041 244.577 l 269.761 244.337 l 270.721 242.897 l 271.201 240.737 l 271.441 239.777 l 271.681 239.057 l 271.681 238.337 l 273.121 239.297 l 274.081 239.777 l 274.561 240.257 l 275.041 240.497 l 275.041 240.737 l 274.801 240.257 l 274.321 239.777 l 274.321 238.817 l 274.561 238.337 l 274.801 238.097 l 275.761 237.617 l 276.721 237.377 l 277.441 237.617 l 278.401 238.097 l 279.121 238.817 l 279.841 239.297 l 281.521 240.017 l 285.121 241.217 l 285.601 241.457 l 285.841 241.457 l 286.081 239.537 l 286.321 238.817 l 286.801 238.337 l 287.521 238.337 l 288.241 238.577 l 288.961 239.057 l 289.681 239.297 l 291.361 239.777 l 292.561 240.257 l 294.001 240.977 l 294.721 241.217 l 294.961 241.457 l 295.441 241.457 l 295.921 241.697 l 296.641 241.937 l 297.841 242.417 l 298.801 242.177 l 299.761 241.697 l 300.721 241.457 l 301.681 241.457 l 302.401 241.697 l 303.361 242.417 l 304.081 243.137 l 304.801 243.377 l 305.281 242.897 l 305.521 242.177 l 305.521 241.217 l 305.761 240.257 l 307.681 236.417 l 309.361 238.337 l 310.801 240.257 l 311.041 241.217 l 311.041 242.417 l 311.281 243.137 l 311.521 243.377 l 311.761 243.377 l 312.721 242.417 l 313.441 241.217 l 314.881 238.337 l 316.801 235.457 l 318.241 235.697 l 318.961 235.937 l 319.681 236.417 l 322.561 239.297 l 323.041 240.017 l 323.281 240.737 l 323.281 240.977 l 323.041 240.977 l 322.321 240.497 l 321.361 240.017 l 321.121 240.017 l 321.361 240.017 l 322.081 240.497 l 323.041 241.217 l 324.721 242.417 l 324.961 241.697 l 324.961 240.737 l 325.201 239.777 l 325.681 239.297 l 326.401 239.537 l 327.361 240.017 l 328.081 240.977 l 328.801 241.457 l 331.681 242.417 l 332.401 240.977 l 332.881 239.297 l 332.881 237.137 l 333.121 236.177 l 333.841 235.457 l 334.321 235.217 l 335.761 235.937 l 337.681 237.377 l 338.641 237.617 l 339.601 238.097 l 340.561 238.337 l 340.801 238.337 l 262.801 241.457 l f* 0 g 264.481 242.657 m 265.201 242.657 l 265.201 241.937 l 263.281 240.977 l 262.561 240.977 l 262.561 241.697 l f 266.641 243.617 m 267.361 243.617 l 267.361 242.897 l 265.201 241.937 l 264.481 241.937 l 264.481 242.657 l f 267.361 244.097 m 268.081 244.097 l 268.081 243.377 l 267.361 242.897 l 266.641 242.897 l 266.641 243.617 l f 268.081 244.577 m 268.801 244.577 l 268.801 243.857 l 268.081 243.377 l 267.361 243.377 l 267.361 244.097 l f 268.801 244.817 m 269.521 244.817 l 269.521 244.097 l 268.801 243.857 l 268.081 243.857 l 268.081 244.577 l f 268.801 244.817 m 269.521 244.817 l 270.241 244.577 l 270.241 243.857 l 269.521 243.857 l 268.801 244.097 l f 269.521 244.577 m 270.241 244.577 l 270.721 243.857 l 270.721 243.137 l 270.001 243.137 l 269.521 243.857 l f 270.001 243.857 m 270.721 243.857 l 271.201 243.137 l 271.201 242.417 l 270.481 242.417 l 270.001 243.137 l f 270.481 243.137 m 271.201 243.137 l 271.681 240.977 l 271.681 240.257 l 270.961 240.257 l 270.481 242.417 l f 270.961 240.977 m 271.681 240.977 l 271.921 240.017 l 271.921 239.297 l 271.201 239.297 l 270.961 240.257 l f 271.201 240.017 m 271.921 240.017 l 272.161 239.297 l 272.161 238.577 l 271.441 238.577 l 271.201 239.297 l f 271.801 239.297 m 271.801 238.097 l 271.801 238.817 m 271.801 237.857 l S 272.881 239.537 m 273.601 239.537 l 273.601 238.817 l 272.161 237.857 l 271.441 237.857 l 271.441 238.577 l f 273.841 240.017 m 274.561 240.017 l 274.561 239.297 l 273.601 238.817 l 272.881 238.817 l 272.881 239.537 l f 274.321 240.497 m 275.041 240.497 l 275.041 239.777 l 274.561 239.297 l 273.841 239.297 l 273.841 240.017 l f 274.801 240.737 m 275.521 240.737 l 275.521 240.017 l 275.041 239.777 l 274.321 239.777 l 274.321 240.497 l f 275.161 240.977 m 275.161 240.017 l S 274.801 240.977 m 275.521 240.977 l 275.521 240.257 l 275.281 239.777 l 274.561 239.777 l 274.561 240.497 l f 274.561 240.497 m 275.281 240.497 l 275.281 239.777 l 274.801 239.297 l 274.081 239.297 l 274.081 240.017 l f 274.441 240.017 m 274.441 238.337 l S 274.081 239.057 m 274.801 239.057 l 275.041 238.577 l 275.041 237.857 l 274.321 237.857 l 274.081 238.337 l f 274.321 238.577 m 275.041 238.577 l 275.281 238.337 l 275.281 237.617 l 274.561 237.617 l 274.321 237.857 l f 274.561 238.337 m 275.281 238.337 l 276.241 237.857 l 276.241 237.137 l 275.521 237.137 l 274.561 237.617 l f 275.521 237.857 m 276.241 237.857 l 277.201 237.617 l 277.201 236.897 l 276.481 236.897 l 275.521 237.137 l f 277.201 237.857 m 277.921 237.857 l 277.921 237.137 l 277.201 236.897 l 276.481 236.897 l 276.481 237.617 l f 278.161 238.337 m 278.881 238.337 l 278.881 237.617 l 277.921 237.137 l 277.201 237.137 l 277.201 237.857 l f 278.881 239.057 m 279.601 239.057 l 279.601 238.337 l 278.881 237.617 l 278.161 237.617 l 278.161 238.337 l f 279.601 239.537 m 280.321 239.537 l 280.321 238.817 l 279.601 238.337 l 278.881 238.337 l 278.881 239.057 l f 281.281 240.257 m 282.001 240.257 l 282.001 239.537 l 280.321 238.817 l 279.601 238.817 l 279.601 239.537 l f 283.441 240.977 m 284.161 240.977 l 284.161 240.257 l 282.001 239.537 l 281.281 239.537 l 281.281 240.257 l f 284.881 241.457 m 285.601 241.457 l 285.601 240.737 l 284.161 240.257 l 283.441 240.257 l 283.441 240.977 l f 285.361 241.697 m 286.081 241.697 l 286.081 240.977 l 285.601 240.737 l 284.881 240.737 l 284.881 241.457 l f 285.361 241.337 m 286.321 241.337 l S 285.601 241.697 m 286.321 241.697 l 286.561 239.777 l 286.561 239.057 l 285.841 239.057 l 285.601 240.977 l f 285.841 239.777 m 286.561 239.777 l 286.801 239.057 l 286.801 238.337 l 286.081 238.337 l 285.841 239.057 l f 286.081 239.057 m 286.801 239.057 l 287.281 238.577 l 287.281 237.857 l 286.561 237.857 l 286.081 238.337 l f 286.561 238.217 m 288.001 238.217 l S 288.001 238.817 m 288.721 238.817 l 288.721 238.097 l 288.001 237.857 l 287.281 237.857 l 287.281 238.577 l f 288.721 239.297 m 289.441 239.297 l 289.441 238.577 l 288.721 238.097 l 288.001 238.097 l 288.001 238.817 l f 289.441 239.537 m 290.161 239.537 l 290.161 238.817 l 289.441 238.577 l 288.721 238.577 l 288.721 239.297 l f 291.121 240.017 m 291.841 240.017 l 291.841 239.297 l 290.161 238.817 l 289.441 238.817 l 289.441 239.537 l f 292.321 240.497 m 293.041 240.497 l 293.041 239.777 l 291.841 239.297 l 291.121 239.297 l 291.121 240.017 l f 293.281 240.977 m 294.001 240.977 l 294.001 240.257 l 293.041 239.777 l 292.321 239.777 l 292.321 240.497 l f 293.761 241.217 m 294.481 241.217 l 294.481 240.497 l 294.001 240.257 l 293.281 240.257 l 293.281 240.977 l f 294.481 241.457 m 295.201 241.457 l 295.201 240.737 l 294.481 240.497 l 293.761 240.497 l 293.761 241.217 l f 294.841 241.457 m 294.841 240.737 l 294.841 241.457 m 294.841 240.737 l S 294.721 241.697 m 295.441 241.697 l 295.441 240.977 l 295.201 240.737 l 294.481 240.737 l 294.481 241.457 l f 294.721 241.337 m 295.921 241.337 l S 295.681 241.937 m 296.401 241.937 l 296.401 241.217 l 295.921 240.977 l 295.201 240.977 l 295.201 241.697 l f 296.401 242.177 m 297.121 242.177 l 297.121 241.457 l 296.401 241.217 l 295.681 241.217 l 295.681 241.937 l f 297.601 242.657 m 298.321 242.657 l 298.321 241.937 l 297.121 241.457 l 296.401 241.457 l 296.401 242.177 l f 297.601 242.657 m 298.321 242.657 l 299.281 242.417 l 299.281 241.697 l 298.561 241.697 l 297.601 241.937 l f 298.561 242.417 m 299.281 242.417 l 300.241 241.937 l 300.241 241.217 l 299.521 241.217 l 298.561 241.697 l f 299.521 241.937 m 300.241 241.937 l 301.201 241.697 l 301.201 240.977 l 300.481 240.977 l 299.521 241.217 l f 300.481 241.337 m 302.161 241.337 l S 302.161 241.937 m 302.881 241.937 l 302.881 241.217 l 302.161 240.977 l 301.441 240.977 l 301.441 241.697 l f 303.121 242.657 m 303.841 242.657 l 303.841 241.937 l 302.881 241.217 l 302.161 241.217 l 302.161 241.937 l f 303.841 243.377 m 304.561 243.377 l 304.561 242.657 l 303.841 241.937 l 303.121 241.937 l 303.121 242.657 l f 304.561 243.617 m 305.281 243.617 l 305.281 242.897 l 304.561 242.657 l 303.841 242.657 l 303.841 243.377 l f 304.561 243.617 m 305.281 243.617 l 305.761 243.137 l 305.761 242.417 l 305.041 242.417 l 304.561 242.897 l f 305.041 243.137 m 305.761 243.137 l 306.001 242.417 l 306.001 241.697 l 305.281 241.697 l 305.041 242.417 l f 305.641 242.417 m 305.641 240.737 l S 305.281 241.457 m 306.001 241.457 l 306.241 240.497 l 306.241 239.777 l 305.521 239.777 l 305.281 240.737 l f 305.521 240.497 m 306.241 240.497 l 307.201 238.577 l 307.201 237.857 l 306.481 237.857 l 305.521 239.777 l f 306.481 238.577 m 307.201 238.577 l 308.161 236.657 l 308.161 235.937 l 307.441 235.937 l 306.481 237.857 l f 309.121 238.577 m 309.841 238.577 l 309.841 237.857 l 308.161 235.937 l 307.441 235.937 l 307.441 236.657 l f 310.561 240.497 m 311.281 240.497 l 311.281 239.777 l 309.841 237.857 l 309.121 237.857 l 309.121 238.577 l f 310.801 241.457 m 311.521 241.457 l 311.521 240.737 l 311.281 239.777 l 310.561 239.777 l 310.561 240.497 l f 311.161 242.657 m 311.161 240.737 l S 311.041 243.377 m 311.761 243.377 l 311.761 242.657 l 311.521 241.937 l 310.801 241.937 l 310.801 242.657 l f 311.281 243.617 m 312.001 243.617 l 312.001 242.897 l 311.761 242.657 l 311.041 242.657 l 311.041 243.377 l f 311.281 243.257 m 312.241 243.257 l S 311.521 243.617 m 312.241 243.617 l 313.201 242.657 l 313.201 241.937 l 312.481 241.937 l 311.521 242.897 l f 312.481 242.657 m 313.201 242.657 l 313.921 241.457 l 313.921 240.737 l 313.201 240.737 l 312.481 241.937 l f 313.201 241.457 m 313.921 241.457 l 314.641 240.017 l 314.641 239.297 l 313.921 239.297 l 313.201 240.737 l f 313.921 240.017 m 314.641 240.017 l 315.361 238.577 l 315.361 237.857 l 314.641 237.857 l 313.921 239.297 l f 314.641 238.577 m 315.361 238.577 l 316.321 237.137 l 316.321 236.417 l 315.601 236.417 l 314.641 237.857 l f 315.601 237.137 m 316.321 237.137 l 317.281 235.697 l 317.281 234.977 l 316.561 234.977 l 315.601 236.417 l f 318.001 235.937 m 318.721 235.937 l 318.721 235.217 l 317.281 234.977 l 316.561 234.977 l 316.561 235.697 l f 318.721 236.177 m 319.441 236.177 l 319.441 235.457 l 318.721 235.217 l 318.001 235.217 l 318.001 235.937 l f 319.441 236.657 m 320.161 236.657 l 320.161 235.937 l 319.441 235.457 l 318.721 235.457 l 318.721 236.177 l f 321.121 238.337 m 321.841 238.337 l 321.841 237.617 l 320.161 235.937 l 319.441 235.937 l 319.441 236.657 l f 322.321 239.537 m 323.041 239.537 l 323.041 238.817 l 321.841 237.617 l 321.121 237.617 l 321.121 238.337 l f 322.801 240.257 m 323.521 240.257 l 323.521 239.537 l 323.041 238.817 l 322.321 238.817 l 322.321 239.537 l f 323.041 240.977 m 323.761 240.977 l 323.761 240.257 l 323.521 239.537 l 322.801 239.537 l 322.801 240.257 l f 323.401 241.217 m 323.401 240.257 l 322.801 240.857 m 323.761 240.857 l S 322.801 241.217 m 323.521 241.217 l 323.521 240.497 l 322.801 240.017 l 322.081 240.017 l 322.081 240.737 l f 322.081 240.737 m 322.801 240.737 l 322.801 240.017 l 321.841 239.537 l 321.121 239.537 l 321.121 240.257 l f 320.881 239.897 m 321.841 239.897 l 321.241 240.257 m 321.241 239.537 l 320.881 239.897 m 321.841 239.897 l S 321.841 240.737 m 322.561 240.737 l 322.561 240.017 l 321.841 239.537 l 321.121 239.537 l 321.121 240.257 l f 322.801 241.457 m 323.521 241.457 l 323.521 240.737 l 322.561 240.017 l 321.841 240.017 l 321.841 240.737 l f 324.481 242.657 m 325.201 242.657 l 325.201 241.937 l 323.521 240.737 l 322.801 240.737 l 322.801 241.457 l f 324.481 242.657 m 325.201 242.657 l 325.441 241.937 l 325.441 241.217 l 324.721 241.217 l 324.481 241.937 l f 325.081 241.937 m 325.081 240.257 l S 324.721 240.977 m 325.441 240.977 l 325.681 240.017 l 325.681 239.297 l 324.961 239.297 l 324.721 240.257 l f 324.961 240.017 m 325.681 240.017 l 326.161 239.537 l 326.161 238.817 l 325.441 238.817 l 324.961 239.297 l f 326.161 239.777 m 326.881 239.777 l 326.881 239.057 l 326.161 238.817 l 325.441 238.817 l 325.441 239.537 l f 327.121 240.257 m 327.841 240.257 l 327.841 239.537 l 326.881 239.057 l 326.161 239.057 l 326.161 239.777 l f 327.841 241.217 m 328.561 241.217 l 328.561 240.497 l 327.841 239.537 l 327.121 239.537 l 327.121 240.257 l f 328.561 241.697 m 329.281 241.697 l 329.281 240.977 l 328.561 240.497 l 327.841 240.497 l 327.841 241.217 l f 330.001 242.177 m 330.721 242.177 l 330.721 241.457 l 329.281 240.977 l 328.561 240.977 l 328.561 241.697 l f 331.441 242.657 m 332.161 242.657 l 332.161 241.937 l 330.721 241.457 l 330.001 241.457 l 330.001 242.177 l f 331.441 242.657 m 332.161 242.657 l 332.881 241.217 l 332.881 240.497 l 332.161 240.497 l 331.441 241.937 l f 332.161 241.217 m 332.881 241.217 l 333.361 239.537 l 333.361 238.817 l 332.641 238.817 l 332.161 240.497 l f 333.001 239.537 m 333.001 237.857 l 333.001 238.577 m 333.001 236.657 l S 332.641 237.377 m 333.361 237.377 l 333.601 236.417 l 333.601 235.697 l 332.881 235.697 l 332.641 236.657 l f 332.881 236.417 m 333.601 236.417 l 334.321 235.697 l 334.321 234.977 l 333.601 234.977 l 332.881 235.697 l f 333.601 235.697 m 334.321 235.697 l 334.801 235.457 l 334.801 234.737 l 334.081 234.737 l 333.601 234.977 l f 334.561 235.697 m 335.281 235.697 l 335.281 234.977 l 334.801 234.737 l 334.081 234.737 l 334.081 235.457 l f 335.521 236.177 m 336.241 236.177 l 336.241 235.457 l 335.281 234.977 l 334.561 234.977 l 334.561 235.697 l f 336.481 236.897 m 337.201 236.897 l 337.201 236.177 l 336.241 235.457 l 335.521 235.457 l 335.521 236.177 l f 337.441 237.617 m 338.161 237.617 l 338.161 236.897 l 337.201 236.177 l 336.481 236.177 l 336.481 236.897 l f 338.401 237.857 m 339.121 237.857 l 339.121 237.137 l 338.161 236.897 l 337.441 236.897 l 337.441 237.617 l f 339.361 238.337 m 340.081 238.337 l 340.081 237.617 l 339.121 237.137 l 338.401 237.137 l 338.401 237.857 l f 340.321 238.577 m 341.041 238.577 l 341.041 237.857 l 340.081 237.617 l 339.361 237.617 l 339.361 238.337 l f 340.321 238.217 m 341.281 238.217 l 269.521 194.777 m 334.561 194.777 l S 270.241 198.737 m 262.321 194.897 l 270.241 191.057 l 270.241 198.737 l f* 333.601 191.057 m 341.521 194.897 l 333.601 198.737 l 333.601 191.057 l f* 342.481 195.017 m 360.241 195.017 l S 1 g 367.681 166.337 42.48 49.68 re f 1 G 367.321 216.377 43.2 -50.4 re S BT /F4 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 374.881 187.937 Tm 0 g (W)Tj 6.96 0 0 6.96 386.21 185.537 Tm (2)Tj ET 1 g 284.401 111.857 43.2 21.6 re f BT 12 0 0 12 291.601 119.297 Tm 0 g (1000)Tj ET 1 g 270.001 284.657 21.6 21.6 re f BT 12 0 0 12 277.201 292.097 Tm 0 g (P)Tj ET endstream endobj 28 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 7 0 R /F6 8 0 R /F10 12 0 R /F13 25 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 14 0 R >> >> endobj 30 0 obj << /Length 21797 >> stream The central axis, or the axis of rotation of an object in various ways ln'ah (. 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