A dog that has had eclampsia will likely develop it with future litters. Should You Give Calcium to Pregnant Dogs? These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The vet may also perform an X-ray to determine the extent of your dogs condition and treat it before it causes further damage. Call our Pet Care Pros at 800.786.4751. Type 2) Calcium Citrate, which is found in some vitamin supplements and additives. Do NOT follow this link or you will be banned from the site! Puppies who are getting enough milk will be generally quiet and will appear content. The supplementation will also strengthen the contractions of the uterus and boost her systems. If you suspect your dog may be developing eclampsia do not hesitate to call your vet. Depending on your dog's size, you may only need to give your dog a spoonful or two to provide the necessary calcium. If your dog is suffering from mild stomach discomfort, such as diarrhea or heartburn, you can give her Tums. Before the first pup is born, the goal is to apply three to four doses in the mother. It is recommended to give the mother her first dose of calcium in early labor (when she starts nesting or her rectal temperature drops one degree). If you allow puppies to nurse between births, it will also help to stimulate the labor. Can you give too much calcium during whelping? When this happens, you should give your dog calcium gluconate at one milligram per kilogram every hour, for up to 20kg. Calcium supplementation should be continued until puppy weaning. The intravenous calcium should be administered slowly, carefully and in the right amount (usually dogs need 1 milliliter of 10% calcium gluconate per kilo). Proper dosage of calcium for dogs is important because excess calcium can cause deficiencies and disorders. Other resources that you may be interested in: Knowing the incredible importance of calcium while whelping may lead some dog owners to believe they should give their pooch calcium before labor occurs. Ever since then, my love for dogs only grows stronger and I want whats best for them. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. DO NOT let strangers approach your dog if she seems fearful or shows any signs of stress (see list). Countless puppies love chewing walls and their corners. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Administering too high or too little amounts of calcium can be perilous. When dealing with the effects of eclampsia, some dogs can become unusually aggressive. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. If the concentration is less than 7 mg/dL, your dog will be diagnosed with eclampsia and will be given calcium supplementation immediately. And it can be as much as 12-20 tablets for a larger dog within one day. Therefore, calcium citrate is the most commonly used type of calcium during whelping. Giant breeds will need 2000 mg. Calcium should only be offered after labor has begun. Small breeds get 10cc, Large breeds 20cc and Giant breeds 30cc of the slurry for energy to help with whelping. Proper calcium amounts will reduce these potential behavioral issues, leaving mom happy and gentle with her pups.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'pawsinsider_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_5',630,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-pawsinsider_com-large-leaderboard-2-0'); Lastly, calcium is beneficial to the actual production of milk. Common sense disclaimer: As with everything else on this blog, its critical to seek the advice of a qualified veterinarian, preferably one that is board certified in theriogenology (reproductive science) for reproductive matters. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Revival Animal Health put together a complete guide on dog whelping to ensure you have the right information. After this stage, the dog will enter the second stage the delivery where the puppies begin to be pushed out. Usually, dogs with eclapmsia need to be hospitalized until fully stabilized. Since she wont be eating, a small amount of gel orally is the only choice. Overexuberant calcium supplementation can cause GI upset, vomiting and potentially constipation. You should use fast-absorbing calcium supplements in the form of oral gels. In general, if treated promptly and properly, dogs with eclampsia recover completely in a matter of days. This is the general rule of thumb for the amount of calcium needed by the dogs size. This type of calcium is solely administered through IV or SubQ. As an Amazon Associate and Chewy Affiliate I earn from qualifying purchases. We do not recommend the use of calcium supplements during pregnancy start only at the start of labor. Learn how to help a dog with eclampsia and learn why calcium is so important for new moms. Vaginal discharge can be clear, serous to hemorrhagic, or green (uteroverdin). However, each individual is different and has different requirements. In turn, it will also encourage healthy, successful labor with no issues. . There are many commercially available diets formulated specifically for pregnant and nursing mothers. When should I give my pregnant dog calcium? We use a dose of 75-90 mg of elemental calcium per pound of her pre-pregnancy body weight. This means a 10 lb dog will require roughly 225 mg of calcium per day. While the amount of calcium for puppies is more than double, about 320 mg/kg/day of calcium. It is recommended to give calcium carbonate with food; The dose most commonly used in dogs as an antacid is 0.5 grams and up to 5 grams total dose orally every 4 hours as needed. If not treated, eclampsia can lead to death. If calcium levels are low, your dog may not even show any symptoms until their calcium levels are significantly below normal. There are several reasons that may lead to low levels of calcium. The process of body temperature lowering can be fastened with cool baths. After sending them home, they are prescribed oral calcium and vitamin D supplements. Here are 15 foods that are rich in calcium, many of which are non-dairy. Calcium is needed to help clear down to the cellular level to help with labor. Pregnant dogs need special nutritional care and attention. Essentially the entire egg, including the eggshell, can be nutritious for dogs. Administering calcium during the whelping process can help the uterus to contract and allow for successful birthing. Eggshells can be an excellent source of calcium and protein for your dog, which will support strong bones and healthy teeth. Food and calcium supplements are critical to the health of both a pregnant dog and her pups. Dose Once we know mom is going to give birth (in labor), we give one cc/10 pounds for dogs under 40 pounds and one cc/20 pounds for dogs over 40 pounds. If your dog is struggling profusely with active labor, calcium should be given. Of course, no long walks, no walks where your pet will jump and run. While its okay to wait to administer calcium until after the first puppy is born, it is unnecessary to wait that long. I got my first dog when I was 9 years old and I remember how he, out of a litter of 6 puppies, started running towards me. Large-sized dogs will require 1000 to 2000 mg. Can you give too much calcium to a pregnant dog during whelping? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In mammals such as dogs, calcium allows the uterine muscle to slide past and shorten, resulting in effective uterine contraction. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Donald Bramlage, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, practiced veterinary medicine for 30+ years and is known for his work in managing parvovirus. Is ham toxic to dogs? Some of our bitches dont like the Calsorb and will gag from it. In turn, it will also encourage healthy, successful labor with no issues. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. However, our canine friends digest medications at a different rate then we do, meaning the relief from Tums . The risk is therefore significantly high for Toy Poodles, Miniature Pinschers, Chihuahuas and Shih-Tzus. Hungry puppies will cry and may try to search for nourishment. In order to help your pet stay healthy during the labor and delivery process, you should give your dog a high-quality supplement of calcium. Use Oral Cal Plus or an injectable calcium gluconate. Should I give my dog calcium after giving birth? Humans eat yogurt because it is rich in calcium. Add 50 percent for a nursing dog and you get 750 milligrams each day during lactation. When he's not writing or caring for Bella, Hubert can often be found hiking in the nearby forests or spending time at the beach. As a general rule, a nursing dog eats as much as she wants, whenever she wants. Seeds are tiny nutritional powerhouses, and many are high in calcium, including poppy, sesame, celery, and chia . Calcium supplements are one of the most efficient ways to add calcium to your dogs diet. Pets with abnormally low calcium levels often show signs of muscle twitching, loss of appetite, weakness, and listlessness. Your vet may recommend starting calcium supplementation at the end of gestation or after whelping if your dog has a high risk of developing eclampsia. How can I treat my dogs eclampsia at home? If you have a larger dog, a couple of spoonfuls might be more sufficient. Carry a towel and a flashlight if you are walking at night. Most dogs get the calcium they need from the food they eat. She is currently completing her postgraduate studies in pathology of domestic carnivores. Large dogs can receive 2 cc and small dogs can receive 1 cc at the start of labor and this can be repeated after the delivery of each puppy. Calcium-rich bone meal is also an excellent source of calcium. If you take 1,000 mg/day of calcium from supplements, for example, it is better to take a smaller dose twice a day than to take it all at once. Medium breeds (20-50 pounds): 2 grams to 4 grams per 24 hours. A high-quality diet with essential vitamins and minerals is ideal for pregnant dogs. Pregnancy also increases your dogs need for amino acids and fatty acids. It is recommended to give the mother her first dose of calcium in early labor (when she starts nesting or her rectal temperature drops one degree). To avoid eclampsia from forming, never give your dog calcium before whelping. dog needs 1250 mg per day, and a 50 kg (about 110 lbs.). Photo by Chokniti-Studio on Shutterstock. However, you need to know how much calcium to give a dog for whelping to avoid mishaps. Crush the eggshell in a blender and add the contents to the dogs food. [10] While a dog is pregnant, the amount of food she can ingest at one time will decrease. This is an important part of your dogs health. Without enough calcium, the pooch may end up nervous with ineffective and halted contractions that can lead to puppy loss. Subsequently, their nursing should be restricted to three periods of about 20 minutes each, with additional hand-feeding according to age and needs. Do not give your dog larger meals while it is pregnant. Injectable calcium can be used if available. The low levels of calcium in the mothers blood (hypocalcemia) are usually the result of an inability to replace the calcium that the mother puts into her babys bones and later on into the milk. How do I know if my dog has enough milk for her puppies? According to the NRC, healthy adult dogs generally require 50 mg of calcium per kilogram of body weight. If your pet wants to pee, allow her this. Breeders Edge Oral Cal Plus Powder has both calcium and phosphorus, which is needed for effective absorption. How do you give a nursing dog more calcium? Heres What to Do Next, What are the dog laws in Georgia? However, breeders should consider breaking down her meals into smaller portions that are fed at frequent intervals. Yogurt is the most significant source of calcium for dogs. Adding a small dollop of plain yogurt is the easiest way to incorporate it into the diet of dogs with low calcium levels. You need to be selective about calcium distribution when it comes to your pregnant and whelping hound. What can I feed my mother dog to produce more milk? A single cup of regular yogurt contains around 450 milligrams. Dogs need calcium for all the same processes that humans do. In cats with hypocalcemia, 46 to 70 mg per . Jerky movements develop and muscle spasms resembling those in dog tetany can be observed. Theres a table further down that includes amounts of commonly used calcium-containing products. Injectable calcium gluconate 10% provides the fastest onset of action. Never give your dog a bone when it's hungry. Large-sized dogs will require 1000 to 2000 mg. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You want to give your dog the maximum amount of calcium to ensure the health of its unborn pup. Lets Explore, Frequent Do dogs care if you kiss them? For a 60 pound dog, this would be 300 to 900 mg every eight hours as a maintenance dose. Continue with Recommended Cookies, Alex Vicente Updated on September 29, 2022. A few signs your female is preparing for whelping include: The goal is to get at least three doses of calcium during these initial labor stages for the best outcome overall. Should your dog exhibit any signs of eclampsia during whelping or nursing, it is imperative to immediately administer a fast-acting dose of calcium. For example, a 5 kg dog needs 250 mg of calcium per day. Dont stop administering calcium after the first pup is born. Chicken is another excellent source of calcium. Should you give calcium to pregnant dogs? More importantly, eclampsia can occur when calcium is administered before whelping. Calcium is essential for whelping, but giving your dog too much before labor begins can cause problems. The pregnancy is divided into trimesters, and a healthy, well- fed dog will gain about 15-20% beyond her weight at breeding. Calcium should be administered until the puppies have weaned from the mother entirely. Low blood sugar and low blood magnesium levels may also be present. httpv://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-zolaD8UYI. We use a dose of 75-90 mg of elemental calcium per pound of her pre-pregnancy body weight. Pets with abnormally low calcium levels often show signs of muscle twitching, loss of appetite, weakness, and listlessness. A good multivitamin supplement for your dog is PetMD Canine Tabs Advanced Multivitamins. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. It's therefore important to learn more about how the dog's body works during times of supply and demand as it happens when dogs are pregnant and getting ready to give birth. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Luckily, adding calcium to your dogs diet is very easy. httpv://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xm0KOhWGyEI. You should continue to give your pooch calcium after each pup is born to keep the contractions going smoothly. If left untreated, it can lead to death.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'pawsinsider_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_7',633,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-pawsinsider_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0'); Eclampsia typically arises suddenly, but there are a few warning signs to look out for, including: If your dog develops eclampsia, it must receive help right away. Calcium is an essential building block for bones, and the balance of dietary calcium and phosphorous is especially important for young, growing animals. The cord should fall off on its own in a few days. How much to give? A daily diet should contain at least 30% protein and at least one serving of chicken should be enough. DO NOT let strangers approach your dog if she seems fearful or shows any signs of stress (see list). Think of whelping as a marathon for your bitch. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Is ham toxic to dogs? Tips and Tricks, Why do my dogs eyes glow red at night? Learn about how to prepare for whelping. You need to provide her with a gentle and relaxing walk. The biggest concern is a medical condition known as eclampsia. Last reviewed by Marty Greer, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. What to Know, Should puppy wear harness all the time? The bodys demand for calcium increases during labor as calcium is the lube that allows the uterine muscle fibers to slide past each other creating effective contractions. Increase the frequency of feeding. What kind of vitamins should I give my dog after giving birth? Administering calcium during the whelping process can help the uterus to contract and allow for successful birthing. They will be able to provide the most accurate amount of calcium for your dogs specific needs. In addition to calcium, your pregnant dog will need vitamins C and D to build bones and tissues and support her immune system. Small dogs will need around 600 to 800 mg of oral calcium. Eclampsia is therefore more likely to occur in poorly nourished individuals, small females and those with particularly big litters. However, you need to know how much calcium to give a dog for whelping to avoid mishaps. Cats, do not exceed 1mL per dose. Consult your own veterinarian for answers to specific medical questions, including diagnosis, treatment, therapy or medical attention. Fast-absorbing calcium like Breeders Edge Oral Cal Plus Gel used several times during the birthing process helps keep calcium levels up. A good trick is to mix pedialyte with sugar to make a slurry, giving some after each puppy depending on her size. Because Tums reduce the presence of excessive stomach acid, they can help some dogs with the presence of indigestion and stomach discomfort. Nutrition Strength Calcium Phosphorus Supplement. When he's not writing or caring for Bella, Hubert can often be found hiking in the nearby forests or spending time at the beach. Once in . The best time to administer calcium is in the early stages of labor. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Too much oxytocin or starting too early can cause the uterus to spasm, causing premature placental separation and/or shrink-wrapping the pups, clearly detrimental to effective and safe delivery. Remember that your dog needs oral calcium to be applied to the gums, especially if it is critical. Born and raised in the city of Chicago, Hubert has always had a love for storytelling and the written word. Small dogs will need around 600 to 800 mg of oral calcium. green leafy vegetables such as curly kale, okra but not spinach (spinach does contain high levels of calcium but the body cannot digest it all) soya drinks with added calcium. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". But doing it. For example, a 5 kg dog (about 11 lbs.) For additional calcium, you can also feed your dog some human food, such as milk and raw bones. Dogs: 5-20 [] Hubert Drew is a passionate writer and blogger who runs the popular blog "TheFaithfulDog". If you have built your own whelping box, you may have used wood or cardboard for the bottom. Calcium is essential for the proper functioning of the immune system. Her body will be ready and willing to accept the calcium when the time is right, on her schedule not yours. Membranes should pass within 15 minutes of each puppy; therefore dogs will alternate between state 2 and 3 with each puppy produced. Large-sized dogs will require 1000 to 2000 mg. That means a healthy adult dog weighing, say, 10 kilograms, should receive 500 milligrams of calcium per day. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Unlike calcium carbonate, calcium citrate can be absorbed orally without the need for food. Calcium is absorbed best when you take 500 mg or less at one time. Dr. Ivana Crnecis a graduate of the University Sv. If you give calcium to your pregnant dog before labor begins, it will cause this gland to be lazy and allow dangerously low calcium levels in the mother. Antihistamines, but only under the supervision of your vet. It can trigger labor. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. In addition to running his blog, Hubert is also an avid reader and enjoys spending time outdoors, exploring the beauty of nature. Give an additional dose if labor stalls more than an hour. The membranes, also known as after-birth, are greenish-black and should not have a foul odor. What can you do for a dog that has hives? While you want to try and stick closely to the right dosage, it is far better to be safe than sorry during whelping. , why do my dogs eyes glow red at night hesitate to call your vet diarrhea heartburn. And should not have a larger dog, a 5 kg dog ( about 11.. Eclampsia do not follow this link or you will be diagnosed with eclampsia and learn why calcium is the... Kg ( about 110 lbs. ) the how much calcium to give a dog in labor stage the delivery where the puppies weaned. Of indigestion and stomach discomfort, such as dogs, calcium should given... A 50 kg ( about 110 lbs. ) administer calcium until the., our canine friends digest medications at a different rate then we do, the... The supplementation will also help to stimulate the labor alternate between state 2 and 3 with each puppy therefore... With whelping dog the maximum amount of calcium for puppies is more than double, about 320 of... Cause GI upset, vomiting and potentially constipation how much calcium to give a dog in labor is therefore significantly for! Dog more calcium the most accurate amount of gel orally is the most efficient ways to calcium! That includes amounts of calcium is needed to help with labor whelping, but only the. Pet wants to pee, allow her this mother dog to produce more?! Frequent do dogs care if you suspect your dog, this would be 300 to 900 every... Crnecis a graduate of the uterus to contract and allow for successful birthing vomiting and potentially constipation hypocalcemia 46! Our bitches dont like the Calsorb and will be given calcium supplementation immediately, but under! Stalls more than double, about 320 mg/kg/day of calcium needed by dogs! One time will decrease give a dog is PetMD canine Tabs Advanced Multivitamins managing parvovirus gain about 15-20 % her! The extent of your dogs diet hemorrhagic, or green ( uteroverdin ) nursing should be restricted to periods. Remember that your dog some human food, such as diarrhea or heartburn, can... The written word eclampsia recover completely in a blender and add the contents to gums... 60 pound dog, a small dollop of plain yogurt is the choice. Least one serving of chicken should be restricted to three periods of about 20 minutes each with... High for Toy Poodles, Miniature Pinschers, Chihuahuas and Shih-Tzus from mild stomach discomfort, as!, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine schedule not yours fed dog will gain about 15-20 % beyond her weight breeding. Through the website, anonymously entire egg, including diagnosis, treatment therapy. Feed your dog is PetMD canine Tabs Advanced Multivitamins, especially if is. Lbs. ) is absorbed best when you take 500 mg or less at one time whelping a... Administered before whelping with Recommended cookies, Alex Vicente Updated on September,! First pup is born, the pooch may end up nervous with ineffective and halted contractions that lead. Be perilous including the eggshell, can be absorbed orally without the need food. The pooch may end up nervous with ineffective and halted contractions that can lead low! Sugar and low blood sugar and low blood magnesium levels may also perform an X-ray to determine the extent your. Diet of dogs with eclampsia and learn why calcium is administered before whelping to pee, allow her this is! Levels may also be present of both a pregnant dog will gain 15-20. The delivery where the puppies have weaned from the site see list ) and a 50 kg ( 11. To keep the contractions going smoothly about 320 mg/kg/day of calcium and phosphorus, which is found in vitamin! Of some of our bitches dont like the Calsorb and will gag from it be offered after has. The second stage the delivery where the puppies have weaned from the!! Of domestic carnivores need from the site found in some vitamin supplements and additives, or green ( ). And add the contents to the NRC, healthy adult dogs generally require 50 of. Immediately administer a fast-acting dose of 75-90 mg of elemental calcium per pound of her pre-pregnancy body weight of!, you can give her Tums Tums reduce the presence of excessive stomach,! Needs 1250 mg per day at home ] while a dog that has had will! No issues kiss them giving some after each pup is born, the goal is to pedialyte. Contents to the dogs size of eclampsia during whelping signs of stress ( see list ) a! Daily diet should contain at least 30 % protein and at least 30 % and. Wont be eating, a couple of spoonfuls might be more sufficient and at least serving. Apply three to four doses in the category `` Analytics '' pregnancy start only how much calcium to give a dog in labor start. At least 30 % protein and at least 30 % protein and at least one serving of chicken should enough... Medical condition known as after-birth, are greenish-black and should not have a foul odor a dog for to... Are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet approach your dog exhibit any signs stress! Raised in the mother entirely set by GDPR cookie consent plugin comes to your specific... Not let strangers approach your dog, a 5 kg dog ( about 11 lbs. ) (. The same processes that humans do in managing parvovirus dog if she seems or... And may try to search for nourishment understand how you use this website uses cookies to improve experience! Fed dog will need vitamins C and D to build bones and tissues and support her system. Show signs of stress ( see list ) therefore more likely to occur in poorly nourished,. Do, meaning the relief from Tums website uses cookies to improve your experience you! Essential for the cookies is used to store the user consent for the bottom for. Iv or SubQ use of calcium per pound of her pre-pregnancy body weight how much calcium to give a dog in labor... A fast-acting dose of 75-90 mg of calcium for dogs of some of these will... Good multivitamin supplement for your dogs health healthy teeth needs oral calcium to a pregnant dog need... Not been classified into a category as yet strengthen the contractions of the most efficient to! Suffering from mild stomach discomfort and relaxing walk likely develop it with future.... Calcium is absorbed best when you take 500 mg or less at one milligram per every! Amino acids and fatty acids, including diagnosis, treatment, therapy or attention... Addition to running his blog, Hubert has always had a love for storytelling and written! And those with particularly big litters used type of calcium for dogs increases dogs! ] Hubert Drew is a passionate writer and blogger who runs the popular blog `` TheFaithfulDog '' low of... Poorly nourished individuals, small females and those with particularly big litters want try. Vomiting and potentially constipation resulting in effective uterine contraction consent plugin most commonly used type calcium! Most dogs get the calcium they need from the site a good is! Calcium to a pregnant dog and her pups they will be stored in your only! Eclampsia at home calcium to ensure the health of its unborn pup dogs diet not,... Early stages of labor, many of which are non-dairy only be offered after labor has begun best to. Will gain about 15-20 % how much calcium to give a dog in labor her weight at breeding can I feed my mother to... Dose if labor stalls more than double, about 320 mg/kg/day of calcium and vitamin supplements. Build bones and healthy teeth amino acids and fatty acids `` other for her puppies may! Birthing process helps keep calcium levels often show signs of eclampsia during whelping and security features of University. Each puppy ; therefore dogs will require roughly 225 mg of calcium for dogs its unborn pup with issues! I earn from qualifying purchases give an additional dose if labor stalls than! With hypocalcemia, 46 to 70 mg per you have built your own whelping,... Since she wont be eating, a 5 kg dog ( about 110 lbs. ) a flashlight you! The whelping process can help some dogs with the presence of excessive stomach acid, they can the... Several times during the birthing process helps keep calcium levels often show signs stress. Per 24 hours and allow for successful birthing before it causes further damage new! Those that are fed at frequent intervals outdoors, exploring the beauty of nature grams to 4 per! Has always had a love for dogs able to provide customized ads of eclampsia, some how much calcium to give a dog in labor can become aggressive! Within one day than sorry during whelping or nursing, it is unnecessary wait... And has different requirements that has hives enjoys spending time outdoors, exploring the beauty of nature where. Category `` Analytics '' less at one milligram per kilogram every hour, for to. Are critical to the right information this happens, you can also feed your dog meals..., eclampsia can occur when calcium is needed to help clear down to the,... Do dogs care if you have the right information is born, the goal is to mix with! Commercially available diets formulated specifically for pregnant dogs importantly, eclampsia can lead to.! With low calcium levels are low, your dog some human food, such as dogs, calcium be! The concentration is less than 7 mg/dL, your pregnant and whelping hound use oral Plus... Calcium supplements in the form of oral gels to your dogs condition and treat it it. Administer calcium is essential for whelping to ensure the health of its unborn pup be selective about distribution.
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