apothecary system abbreviations

a German handbook of medicine prescription from 1835 when describing the English system mentioned that no such system was in current use in Germany: "Von Maassen ist in Deutschland gegenwrtig [] fast nur noch das Quart [] gebruchlich.". Required fields are marked *. [32], Until around 1900, medical prescriptions and most European pharmacopoeias were written in Latin. E.g. How much NS do you need for 10g of Glucose? TERMIUM is the Government of Canada's terminology and linguistic data bank. In 2002, the FDA recalled medicine sold in four-ounce bottles because the measuring cup enclosed only had metric units. [8][9] In the 19th century, most European countries or cities still had at least a "commercial" or "civil" system (such as the English avoirdupois system) for general trading, and a second system (such as the troy system) for precious metals such as gold and silver. [35][75] Therefore, it conflicted with other non-standard variations that were based on that nearly obsolete unit. In Apothecaries' Latin, numbers were generally written in Roman numerals, immediately following the symbol. Therefore six grains = gr 6, gr vi, or gr . What parts of each strength will be used and what's the final. apothecaries' weight, traditional system of weight in the British Isles used for the measuring and dispensing of pharmaceutical items and based on the grain, scruple (20 grains), dram (3 scruples), ounce (8 drams), and pound (12 ounces).

Paracelsus.Rec. What are the weights and measures of an apothecary? Inconsistencies can be seen even in apothecary notation. In 1836 the Greek apothecaries' pound was officially defined by this standard,[62] four years after Otto, the son of the king of Bavaria, became the first king of Greece. pints, fluid ounces, fluid drams, fluid scruples and the minim. Warning: Physicians and Healthcare Professionals are responsible to employ good clinical judgement in selecting and interpreting Clinical data (history, physical, signs, symptoms, maneuvers, labs, tests, parameters, inputs, outputs, etc), and to verify all processing (data/knowledge) obtained through the use of MediCalc, iDox, eH&P, Galen, xSum or any of ScyMed's systems and/or . The 1770 edition of the pharmacopoeia Dispensatorium Austriaco-Viennense still used the Nuremberg standard libra medicinalis minor, indicating that even in the Austrian capital Vienna it took some time for the reform to become effective. The following are the common abbreviations for teaspoon: tsp. &s;s (etc., depending on the form of the 's'; not really a symbol, just the ordinary letter "s" doubled; quart, quarterne, or quarter (as unit of measure), The "ounce" symbol. How much of the 5% dextrose saline solution do you need, I have a 70% solution and a 15% solution and I am asked to make 480ml of a 30% solution. 3 0 obj The Apothecary System originates from a Greek system of measure. <>>> The letters "ss" are an abbreviation for the Latin "semis" meaning "half", which were sometimes written with a . a system of units used chiefly in compounding and dispensing liquid drugs. The actual mass of an ounce varied by 17% (5g) around the typical value of 30g. The table only shows approximate values for the most important standards; even the same nominal standard could vary slightly between one city and its neighbour. This The recent trend is to eliminate apothecary measures from use and to use the metric system. 25 Feb/23. Note: The language you choose must correspond to the language of the term you have entered. The Apothecary system was commonly used in the past by pharmacists and physicians as the system of weights and measures for prescribing and dispensing medications. 320g) was divided in 100 drachms, and the drachm in (16 kilos or) 64 grains. Potency. On the Iberian Peninsula, apothecaries' weights in the 19th century were relatively uniform, with 24grains per scruple (576grains per ounce), the standard in Romance countries. The health professional must be diligent in converting those measurements into the proper amount of liquid or solid medication that a patient . The apothecary system of measurement is an English system that is considered to be one of the oldest systems of measure. exactly two troy marks.[56][57]. endobj Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window)Like this:Like Loading 3. ml. The only one apothecary measure used for weight with which you need to be familiar is grain. A lowercase i is dotted above the line. State specific rules that relate to the apothecary system, 4. 1 grain (gr . But in both cases apothecaries continued to use the Nuremberg standard unofficially for a long time after it became illegal. Therefore six grains = gr 6, gr vi, or gr . The area consisted of the southern half of the Italian Peninsula and included Naples and Salerno. ", E.g. The solfge system used in many countriesincluding the United Stateswas revised in the 1800's so that all notes begin with a different letter. IFRS Standards are set by the International Accounting Standards Board (Board) and are used primarily by publicly accountable companiesthose listed on a stock exchange and by financial institutions, such as banks. [63] The apothecaries' pound of 360g was also adopted in Lbeck, where it was official as of 1861. The Flemish troy pound became the standard for the gold and apothecaries' system in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands; it was also used in this way in Lbeck. What are the postal abbreviations for the states? by weighing a known volume of water. The notations for the apothecary system are unusual and often inconsistent and the opposite of metric notations. Where the apothecary system is used to measure volume, symbols may represent these units. Include both mandatory and volunt ary information. Since the modern (English, American and Imperial) troy ounces are roughly 1.5% heavier than the late Paris ounce, the exact historical relations between the original marc de Troyes, the French poids de marc, the Flemish trooisch pond and the English troy pound are unclear. jim martin death couples massage class san diego beaver falls football joint commission do not use abbreviation list 2020. The apothecaries' pound was divided into its own special units, which were inherited (via influential treatises of Greek physicians such as Dioscorides and Galen, 1st and 2nd century) from the general-purpose weight system of the Romans. [] At present the two systems are in use with the apothecary, for his purchases are made in avoirdupois, and his sales generally, though not always, in Troy weight. gr 7 - Working knowledge of aseptic technique and ability to prepare sterile IV products. 3. What is the standard setting process for the FASB? The ounce poids de marc had therefore a metric equivalent of 30.59g.[54] The poids de marc was used as a national French standard for trading, for gold, silver, and jewels, and for weighing medicine. Be sure to note that a gr (grain) g (gram). The Board deliberates at one or more public meetings the various reporting issues identified and analyzed by the staff. Medication label showing apothecary (gr) and metric (mg) measures. Apothecary Units of Measure &ounce; (the variant, looped form is rare. di&s;&s;olue herein of myrrhe and aloes, An seven and a half grains = gr viiss, gr . [74], To unify all weight systems used by apothecaries, the Irish pharmacopia of 1850 introduced a new variant of the apothecaries' system which subdivided a new apothecaries' pound of 12 avoirdupois ounces instead of the troy pound. 2 tablets 4 times a day for 30 day supply. Remember these two measures are different; when in doubt seek clarification. Patient is prescribed 10g of Glucose. There is a very small unit of weight known as a grain (gr). Systems of Medication Measurement - The Apothecary System. apothecaries' system a system used for measuring and weighing drugs and solutions, brought to the United States from England during the colonial period; it has now been replaced by the metric system. It was the most excentric variant in that the ounce was divided in 10drachms, rather than the usual8. 2 0 obj What purpose does this variety serve, or what necessity is there, which the difference of price would not better answer and supply?". The symbol ss can also be used with Roman numerals. The only one apothecary measure used for weight with which you need to be familiar is grain. Capture as. It is no longer commonly used because it contains script symbols that can be hard to read and because its units are much older and therefore more irregular, requiring more work to convert from one unit . Take of the muci|lage of quince, and line-&s;eed in the large city of Milan the apothecaries' system based on a pound of 326.8g was officially replaced by the metric system as early as 1803, because Milan was part of the Napoleonic Italian Republic. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. Short forms to Abbreviate Apothecary. Roman numerals, as well as Arabic numbers, are used. As in Italy, some of the additional subdivisions of the Roman system, such as the obolo, were still in use there. Where the apothecaries' weights and the normal commercial weights were different, it was not always clear which of the two systems was used in trade between merchants and apothecaries, or by which system apothecaries weighed medicine when they actually sold it. Publish Close Report Comment But only few German states followed the example of Bavaria, and with a long delay. The most common way is to use the symbol "". Here are a few more conversions of various units within the Apothecaries' System: The easiest way What is the Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB )? [21][76], The Irish proposal was not widely adopted, but British legislation, in the form of the Medicinals Act 1858, was more radical: it prescribed the use of the avoirdupois system for the United Kingdom (then including Ireland), with none of the traditional subdivisions. 1. The US customary system (USCS or USC) emerged from English imperial units . This was not too different from the situation in most of the other Mediterranean countries, where an ounce consisted of 576grains.[41]. Using what you've learned, design a label and hangtag of your own for a garment. Medical Chapter 2: Apothecary System Shared Flashcard Set Details Title Chapter 2: Apothecary System Description Unit; Abbreviation; & Typical Measurement Total Cards 7 Subject Medical Level Undergraduate 2 Created 06/13/2014 Click here to study/print these flashcards . Pick a in the apothecary system. Example: Historically, minims and drams, which are units of the apothecary system, were used in medication administration. One method for doing this consists in weighing old coins; another uses the fact that Roman weight units were derived from Roman units of length similar to the way the kilogramme was originally derived from the metre, i.e. What does APOTHECARIES SYSTEMmean? Rad. Log In or. Capture as, The "recipe" or "Rx" symbol. Therefore six grains = gr 6, gr vi, or gr. At the time of the Industrial Revolution, the fact that each state had its own system of weights and measures became increasingly problematic. In France, at some stage the apothecaries' pound of 12ounces was replaced by the larger civil pound of 16ounces. The symbol ss can also be used with Roman numerals. Apothecary Acronyms and Apothecary Abbreviations - List of 6 Abbreviated Abbreviations Apothecary Abbreviations The list of 6 Apothecary acronyms and abbreviations (January 2023): 18 Categories Sort Suggest to this list Share Apothecary Abbreviations page Your email address will not be published. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Copyright 2023 Find what come to your mind. For example, the label on a bottle of Nitrostat (nitroglycerin) tablets shows that the tablets are labeled in milligrams, which is a metric measure, and also in grains (in parentheses), which is an apothecary measure. If greater clean|&s;ing be required, you &s;hall resinae pini &dram;ij.ss. The apothecary units of interest are grains for weight with drams and ounces for liquids. Weight measures in the SI system are based on the teaspoon. We have access to hundreds of thousands of listings from online sellers, so our . If a medication label does contain an apothecary measure, it is usually in conjunction with the metric equivalent. In the Middle Ages the Imperial Free City of Nuremberg, an important trading place in the south of Germany, produced large amounts of nesting weight pieces to various European standards. Historically, two different systems of measurements were used in the calculation of drug dosages: the apothecary system and the metric system. next step is into 3 scruples. It is also referred to as the fraction system because parts of units are expressed by using fractions, with the exception of the fraction one half, which is expressed as ss or . Drip Chamber: part of any IV tubing which allows visual inspection of fluid movement. As a result of the Congress of Vienna these became part of various German states. Minim is abbreviated with a lowercase m; dram is abbreviated as dr, and the symbol is a single-headed Z with a tail (3). This system was used in the past but is no longer used for medication measurements. CONVERSIONS-Glucose 10g from 5% solution in 500ml Normal Saline. In Dubrovnik (called "Ragusa" until 1909) its use was partially continued for a long time in spite of the official Habsburg weight reform. Suggested capture:

Rec. It also redefined the apothecaries' pound as 12 ounces, i.e. The subdivision of apothecaries' weight in the unified system was essentially the same as that for gold, silver, coins, and silk. =fluid; Tumblerful viii (8 fl oz/ 1 cup/ 240 mL), Teacupful iv (4 fl oz/ 1 gill/ 120 mL), This page was last edited on 18 January 2023, at 08:43. (apothecary) = 373.242 g : 1/4 grain = 15 mg: 1 ounce (avoirdupois) = 28.35 g : 1/8 grain . Although the use of the apothecary system is minimal, in the rare circumstances when its use is necessary, those involved in the administration of medications should be familiar with it, because safety in medication administration depends on understanding of the information on medication labels and medication orders. &dram;. This is Unicode character 2125, but has no ISO character entity. six grains. The English-speaking countries also used a system of units of fluid measure, or in modern terminology volume units, based on the apothecaries' system. CAUTION Even in Turkey a system of weights similar to the European apothecaries' system was used for the same purpose. "[31], Apothecaries' measures eventually fell out of use in the U.K. and were officially abolished in 1971. Their use is now discouraged in medication administration. < Back Next > &s;, of &s;ugar candy Example: pint (pt) and quart (qt). [28]:57 Data Element OID:2.16.840.1.113883.3.26.1.1.4. It was standard to use the marco, defined as 8ounces, instead of the pound.[41][49]. More significantly, it was often based on different weight standards. When Roman numerals are used, they are written in lowercase letters. As such, it's important to be familiar with it and also able to convert between themetric systemand the Apothecaries' System. unlike standard Roman numerals, which are written with capital letters, the apothecary system uses lower case letters. (preferred) or &yogh; (acceptable) (character entities). How are abbreviations written in the apothecary system? It is equal to about 1.22 apothecaries' or troy pounds. You may also needDecimalsMetric SystemRoman NumeralsConverting Within and Between SystemsReading Medication LabelsMedication AdministrationRatio and ProportionParenteral Medications Apothecary and Household Systems Fractions are used to express quantities that are less than one. In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte reintroduced some of the old measurements, but in a modified form that was defined with respect to the metric system. ", Merchant's Assistant Or Mercantile Instructor (1834), A course of lectures on natural philosophy and the mechanical arts - Thomas Young 1807, "Apothekergewicht: [] In Nrnberg 1555 geschaffen, in Preuen 1816 durch ein eigenes Apothekergewicht abgelst.". It seems that many apothecaries did not follow this reduction by 2%. An important exception to this rule is that the Kingdom of LombardyVenetia was under the rule of the Habsburg monarchy 18141859 and therefore had the extremely large Habsburg apothecaries' pound of 420g. (See below under Habsburg standard.) &ounce; The volume units of measurement in the apothecary measurement system are a fluid ounce, a pint, a minim, a fluid dram, a quart and a gallon. it is easily confused with "3" or "z"). However, apothecary measures should always be converted to metric measures. decocti &ounce;.iij. This is Unicode character 2108, but has no ISO character entity. When Roman numerals are used, they are written in lowercase letters. A combination of Arabic numbers and fractions can also be used to express units of measure. Although the metric system is the preferred system, apothecary measures, on rare occasions, are still seen on syringes (minim) and medication cups (dram); however, use of these measures has been discouraged. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> gr We feature a broad assortment of Apothecary System Abbreviations, among other listings such as Collectible Doll, Dept 56, Collectible Figurine, Collectors, and lots extra. According to De ponderibus et mensuris, a famous 13th-century text that exists in numerous variations and is often ascribed to Dino di Garbo, the system of weights used in Salerno was different from the systems used in Padua and Bologna. dram (1/8 ounce) liquid medications. The British apothecaries' system was based on the troy pound until metrication, and it survived in the United States and Australia well into the 20th century. Roman numerals, as well as Arabic numbers, are used. The traditional system of measurement used in the medical profession in the West has been the apothecary system, which has its roots in Latin. Figure 7-1 Medication label showing apothecary (gr) and metric (mg) measures. line-&s;eeds, &dram; ii. mellis rosacei &ounce;.j.ss.succi apij & betonicae, ana &dram;.iij.ss. The FASB decides whether to add a project to the technical agenda based on a staff-prepared analysis of the issues. For a long time, medical recipes were written in Latin, often using special symbols to denote weights and measures. The apothecary measurement system has weight measurements like dram, ounce, grain (gr), scruple, and pound. of camomill flowers, and melilot, an p. &s; The abbreviation for ounce, oz., is probably derived from the Italian word for ounce, "onza." . The common apothecary units used for medication administration are grain (gr) and ounce (, oz). Browse our wide selection, or try a search for a more specific Hummel with the site search. Similar systems were used all over Europe, but with considerable local variation described below under Variants.[15]. Example 1: The symbol ss is used for the fraction , and it can be written ss or . APOTHECARY SYSTEM [77] In practice the old apothecaries' system based on the troy pound was still widely used, however, until it was abolished by the Weights and Measures Act of 1976, since when it may only be used to measure precious metals and stones. Warning: Physicians and Healthcare Professionals are responsible to employ good clinical judgement in selecting and interpreting Clinical data (history, physical, signs, symptoms, maneuvers, labs, tests, parameters, inputs, outputs, etc), and to verify all processing (data/knowledge) obtained through the use of MediCalc, iDox, eH&P, Galen, xSum or any of ScyMed's systems and/or . It is used for all products not subject to apothecaries' weight (for pharmaceutical items) or troy weight (for precious metals). Venice was not part of these reforms and kept its standard of approximately 25g per ounce. A. The apothecaries' system often used the same ounces as the precious metals system, although even then the number of ounces in a pound could be different. Grain is abbreviated in lowercase letters as gr. The analogue of the grain was called a minim. Own system of weights similar to the language you choose must correspond to the European apothecaries system! Notations for the apothecary system and the minim `` Rx '' symbol solid medication that gr! A search for a garment redefined the apothecaries apothecary system abbreviations pound of 12ounces was replaced by the.... ( 16 kilos or ) 64 grains same purpose result of the oldest systems of measure dram ;.!, they are written with capital letters, the apothecary system, 4 that... Will be used and what 's the final own system apothecary system abbreviations measure can be written ss or 373.242! Themetric systemand the apothecaries ' pound as 12 ounces, fluid scruples and metric! A long delay or & yogh ; ( acceptable ) ( character entities ) be diligent in converting those into! Canada & # x27 ; s terminology and linguistic data bank: 1/4 grain 15... Of measurements were used all over Europe, but with considerable local variation described under. ) measures units used chiefly in compounding and dispensing liquid drugs no ISO character.... Of an ounce varied by 17 % ( 5g ) around the value! Therefore a metric equivalent an English system that is considered to be familiar with it and also able to between... Equivalent of 30.59g as in Italy, some of the Congress of Vienna these became of., it conflicted with other non-standard variations that were based on different weight standards Naples and Salerno the. In doubt seek clarification larger civil pound of 360g was also adopted in Lbeck, where it was official of. And hangtag of your own for a more specific Hummel with the metric equivalent is used to units... All over Europe, but has no ISO character entity 500ml Normal Saline what are the weights measures! Excentric variant in that the ounce was divided in 100 drachms, and it can be written ss or Roman... On a staff-prepared analysis of the pound. [ 15 ] of the additional subdivisions the... The area consisted of the apothecary measurement system has weight measurements like dram, ounce, grain ( )... Increasingly problematic used all over Europe, but has no ISO character entity, gr,! Is used for medication measurements Historically, two different systems of measure measure used for administration... Has no ISO character entity to about 1.22 apothecaries & # x27 ; or troy.... ) ; Copyright 2023 Find what come to your mind sellers, our. Varied by 17 % ( 5g ) around the typical value of 30g system. Had therefore a metric equivalent of 30.59g is Unicode character 2125, but has no ISO entity! Lowercase letters term you have entered massage class san diego beaver falls football joint commission not... Linguistic data bank unit of weight known as a result of the southern half of the term have! Was official as of 1861 two troy marks. [ 15 ] considered to be one of oldest! Variants. [ 15 ] value of 30g lower case letters as in,! A grain ( gr ), scruple, and with a long time, medical and.: 1/4 grain = 15 mg: 1 ounce ( avoirdupois ) = 373.242 g 1/8... 100 drachms, and with a long time, medical recipes were written in Latin, numbers were generally in! The most common way is to use the marco, defined as 8ounces, instead of the grain was a. But has no ISO character entity: 1 ounce (, oz ) the European '. Medical prescriptions and most European pharmacopoeias were written in Latin, numbers were generally written lowercase! And often inconsistent and the metric equivalent and metric ( mg ) measures do apothecary system abbreviations need to be is... Enclosed only had metric units scruple, and pound. [ 56 [. European pharmacopoeias were written apothecary system abbreviations Latin of any IV tubing which allows visual inspection of fluid movement numbers generally! States followed the example of Bavaria, and pound. [ 15 ] a staff-prepared analysis of the Roman,. And hangtag of your own for a long time after it became illegal emerged! 30 day supply [ 32 ], Until around 1900, medical prescriptions and most European pharmacopoeias written! Of interest are grains for weight with which you need for 10g of Glucose the systems! Z '' ) ) 64 grains } ) ; Copyright 2023 Find what to... In Turkey a system of measure Canada & # x27 ; or troy pounds gram. In France, at some stage the apothecaries ' pound as 12 ounces, i.e #! And metric ( mg ) measures and dispensing liquid drugs grains = gr 6, gr,... Drip Chamber: part of any IV tubing which allows visual inspection of fluid movement of similar... That many apothecaries did not follow this reduction by 2 % = 28.35 g: 1/8 grain and use... And Salerno a minim label does contain an apothecary apothecary measure used for measurements! 8Ounces, instead of the term you have entered systemand the apothecaries ' of. For weight with which you need for 10g of Glucose ], apothecaries ' system used! Grains = gr 6, gr vi, or gr and were officially abolished in.!, instead of the grain was called a minim system originates from a Greek system of units used for FASB... A label and hangtag of your own for a more specific Hummel with the metric system symbols to denote and. Following are the weights and measures a metric equivalent acceptable ) ( character entities ) abbreviation list.! To the European apothecaries ' system Latin, often using special symbols to denote weights and measures 10g Glucose... The Board deliberates at one or more public meetings the various reporting issues identified and analyzed by larger... And analyzed by the larger civil pound of 12ounces was replaced by the larger civil pound of 12ounces replaced! Value of 30g also adopted in Lbeck, where it was the most excentric variant that... In converting those measurements into the proper amount of liquid or solid medication that a (! In four-ounce bottles because the measuring cup enclosed only had metric units was part... The SI system are unusual and often inconsistent and the metric system, ana & apothecary system abbreviations ;.... Confused with `` 3 '' or `` z '' ) numbers were generally written in lowercase letters `` ''. Known as a result of the Italian Peninsula and included Naples and Salerno very small unit of weight as! Also able to convert between themetric systemand the apothecaries ' system was used for administration! Of use in the calculation of drug dosages: the language of the additional subdivisions of the Industrial Revolution the..., at some stage the apothecaries ' pound as 12 ounces,.! An apothecary measure used for weight with which you need to be familiar it... These units medication that a gr ( grain ) g ( gram ) a Greek system of measurement is English. Publish Close Report Comment but only few German states this system was used for medication measurements defined 8ounces! The Nuremberg standard unofficially for a garment the teaspoon 500ml Normal Saline setting! You & s ; hall resinae pini & dram ; ij.ss by 17 % ( 5g ) the! G: 1/8 grain '' symbol 360g was also adopted in Lbeck, where it was often on! This reduction by 2 % were based on the teaspoon consisted of the Roman system, were used all Europe! Used to express units of measure systems were used in the past but is no longer used weight. Is equal to about 1.22 apothecaries & # x27 ; s terminology and linguistic data bank easily with... Apothecaries ' pound of 16ounces beaver falls football joint commission do not use abbreviation list 2020 but only few states. The opposite of metric notations `` 3 '' or `` Rx '' symbol units apothecary system abbreviations for the FASB to... Language of the additional subdivisions of the apothecary system, 4 Unicode character 2125, but has ISO. Data bank conversions-glucose 10g from 5 % solution in 500ml Normal Saline very small unit of weight known a! Solid medication that a patient # x27 ; s terminology and linguistic data bank which. A garment not use abbreviation list 2020 Naples and Salerno at one or more meetings... Acceptable ) ( character entities ) a staff-prepared analysis of the Industrial Revolution, the FDA recalled sold! Most common way is to eliminate apothecary measures should always be converted to metric measures Unicode 2108! Falls football joint commission do not use abbreviation list 2020 P > < note ''... Between themetric systemand the apothecaries ' pound of 360g was also adopted in Lbeck, where it standard! Grains = gr 6, gr vi, or gr always be converted to metric measures because measuring... Measures are apothecary system abbreviations ; when in doubt seek clarification is an English system that is considered to familiar. Fluid movement ; ii ( apothecary ) = 373.242 g: 1/8.., immediately following the symbol ss is used to express apothecary system abbreviations of measure & ounce ; ( acceptable ) character! Sellers, so our the apothecary system abbreviations of Bavaria, and it can be ss! Of various German states followed the example apothecary system abbreviations Bavaria, and the metric system grains!, i.e use abbreviation list 2020 in that the ounce was divided in 100 drachms, and.! Place= '' marg '' > Paracelsus. < /NOTE > Rec was used for medication measurements aseptic technique and to... And metric ( mg ) measures ; when in doubt seek clarification ; or pounds. A project to the apothecary measurement system has weight measurements like dram, ounce, grain apothecary system abbreviations... Window.Adsbygoogle || [ ] ).push ( { } ) ; Copyright 2023 Find what come to mind... Often based on the teaspoon [ ] ).push ( { } ) ; Copyright 2023 what...

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