The scent is a big deal for your dog. Runny nose in dogs, as a consequence of nasal or upper respiratory infections, is a condition that often affects flat-faced (brachycephalic) breeds such as: These breeds have 3.5 times more chances than other breeds to have an issue with the upper respiratory tract resulting in nasal discharge. Dr. Michael Zacharisen answered. Aerobic exercise such as running, aerobics, and even intercourse may cause your runny nose. For example, pollen. Excessive eye watering (epiphora) is associated with many different conditions that run the range from relatively benign to serious. They include the following: When you notice that your pt has green nasal discharge, it's We will need to reduce their walking as they will likely not have the energy and the exposure can stunt their recuperation. Examples of irritants include dust, smoke, perfume, incense, and cleaning products. Remember, a lot of bacteria and viruses can cause kennel cough, and there is no vaccine against all of the infectious agents. They can even be allergic to human dander (our shed skin). Although the way a dogs nose functions when breathing is quite different from how a human nose functions. Other reasons to seek medical help include: Prolonged bleeding for more than 30 minutes Dog Got Scratched By A Cat: Should I Be Worried? Supportive treatment will be used in the case of viral infections. Nasal discharge that is thick and yellow or green in color is an indication they could be suffering from an infection. Treatments. If your dog is coughing as well as having a runny nose, you should take them to see a veterinarian. symptoms for all of the conditions and diseases listed above, it's a However, it can be a serious health concern when their mucus is thick, green, yellow or smelly. A year is unheard of in our field. Click to attach a photo related to your comment, my dog still has for over a year now RHINISITUS +snotty nose the vet cannot find an answer shall I take him to another vet. While green nasal What to Do if My Dog has Something Stuck in his Throat? The veterinarian will decide on whether or not to give your dog antibiotics, and will also check if the mucus has gotten to the lungs. It requires intensive research into the dogs size, personality, temperament, playfulness with children, openness to strangers, shedding, and many Large, powerful, and hard working. Some pups will also exhibit an eye discharge that is full of mucus. This leads to irritation of the airway redness, swelling, and discomfort or pain and causes the unrelenting, dry, hacking cough that is commonly associated with kennel cough. Kennel cough, pneumonia, a cold, influenza, aspergillosis, and other infections that can be found in the . The nasal cavity extends into the frontal and maxillary sinuses, meaning the infection can spread. help to address your dog's issue before it becomes a serious threat to Various treatments may be recommended, including antibiotics, intravenous or subcutaneous fluids, oxygen therapy, and . dog's immune system and to remove any bacteria or other cause of The reason is the closeness to the nasal passages, so infection can quickly pass from the tooth to the nose. If you've observed that your dog has a runny nose with green mucus, continue reading to find out the common causes. Symptoms of kennel cough dont appear immediately after transmission of the causal agent. appointment with the veterinarian as soon as possible so that you can It could be allergies. If you find that your pet is suffering from a runny nose, watch him closely to make note of any other symptoms he is exhibiting. All rights reserved. This type of dog eye discharge means it's time to visit the vet. A healthy dog may have a mild runny nose occasionally with no cause for alarm, but chronic or severe nasal discharge could indicate serious health issues. Allergies. Sometimes a small amount of white foamy liquid spits out after gagging. When a dog experiences chronic dry eyes, they suffer a dramatic reduction in tear production and natural lubrication. If the foreign body is visible, it won't be too complicated to remove it with tweezers. Dogs have naturally wet noses. While it might be tricky, try to minimize your puppys excitement as activity can irritate the airways. Just as humans can become congested with mucus, so can dogs. Occasional sneezing is normal. Dogs have a tendency to get into sticky situations, and sometimes that involves messing with sap or getting into sap outdoors. One of the most common respiratory conditions in dogs is rhinitis and sinusitis. In some cases, the intervention may require sedation and antibiotic therapy to prevent infection. Just like humans, Chihuahuas can suffer from allergies too. Possible causes include: Allergies. ", Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine: ''Nasal Discharge and Sneezing. Green or yellow mucus in dogs is nearly always a sign of infection, be that bacterial, viral, or fungal. Could you distinguish kennel cough from canine influenza? Unfortunately, 80% of them are malignant, and surgery is not a successful solution in such cases. Since their heads may get deep into the nostril and cause a running nose and uncontrollable sneezing, visiting the vet is required. A dog's runny nose could also be an underlying symptom of dental disease (hopefully this isn't the case). A dog with kennel cough will cough every few minutes, all day long. This runny nose in dogs can be caused by rhinitis, an allergy and/or an infection. Yes: "congestion or runny nose." Other common symptoms include: Cough. Gustatory rhinitis, a form of nonallergic rhinitis that causes a runny nose when you eat certain foods. If your dog has colored green eye discharge, yellow eye discharge or another colored eye discharge, schedule a vet. A runny nose may be serious in infants. If you notice that your dog has mucus congestion, coughing, or a runny nose, touch base with your veterinarian. If you buy something through our posts, MyDogHustle will get a commission. White-Gray Mucus. You can also try treating the cough with a variety of natural home remedies. The most common cause of rhinitis and runny nose in cats is irritation. Will Goldenseal pellets help with green nasal discharge? However, only the veterinarian can make a successful diagnosis and prescribe the most suitable treatment for your pet. good idea to take note of any other symptoms that you notice your pet "The inside of your nose, as well as your upper air digestive tract in the head and neck area, are very moist environments," says ear, nose and throat specialist Raj Sindwani, MD. So ensure to take your pet to the veterinarian whenever it has a health problem or behavioral abnormality. Common cold. Observing the correct medication plan and keeping an eye out for worsening symptoms will also mean they will better recover. Vaccines are available to prevent many of these ailments, so check with your veterinarian to see if your dog's lifestyle makes them a good candidate for these shots. Hemorrhagic nasal discharge (bloody nose) Chronic nasal discharge and persistent sneezing. Visiting your veterinarian and getting the advice of a professional about a dog's runny nose, prevention, and future treatment will always give you peace of mind, knowing that you have done and will be able to do all that you can for your pet. Some dogs will develop a fever, and may be lethargic, not want to eat and have trouble sleeping. Copyright 2023 Dog Care, Behavior, Grooming and Training Tips. Cushings Disease in Dogs: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatments, Most Effective Dog Training Methods According to Science, Dog Domestication: Historys Timeline From Beginning To Now (In Years), TOP #25: Debunking 8 Common Homemade Dog Food Diet Myths, TOP #26: Who Benefits from Homemade Dog Food the Most. Antibiotics only work against kennel cough caused by bacteria but not viruses, and without a lab test, the causative agent of a particular case of kennel cough cant be known. conditions associated with this symptom. If you are lucky enough to know that your dog has an allergy or sensitivity to certain irritants, then you can reduce your dogs exposure to these things. symptom is typically not present alone in your pet; it's oftentimes one It is one of the most common reasons behind an abnormally runny nose. Dogs use their noses to gather information about people, other dogs, and their environment to help them understand and survive in the world they inhabit. Sometimes we can see that the secretion of green mucus come from both nostrils, known as a bilateral secretion. Yes. Here are some common causes of nose discharge in dogs: Allergies. Veterinarians don't usually prescribe anti-viral medications for dogs because few anti-virals have been studied for use in dogs. Because these signs have so many possible causes, including allergies, respiratory infections, or even nasal tumors, you'll need their help to figure out why your dog is sick. When your mucus turns yellowish green, it is likely that your immune system is fighting an infection. One of the most expected reasons for a runny nose in your dog is a respiratory infection, but there are many different types. Thus, if your canine's nasal discharge is thick or has a green or yellow color to it, this might indicate a bacterial, fungal, or viral infection as being the cause of your canine's runny nose. A constantly runny nose can irritate nasal passages and cause one of the tiny capillaries in your nose to burst. If your dog has just had a bout of kennel cough and is 100% symptom-free, he should stay away from areas where he can contaminate other dogs for at least one week. Shih Tzus can be allergic to all kinds of things, with some examples including pollen, chemicals, food and even our shed human skin (called dander)! This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Get the quick facts about the causes of nose discharge in dogs. Fungal infections usually require special treatments using antifungal drugs. Sneezing If this goes smoothly, gradually increase the amount of new food in the serving. Treatment options for nasal tumors are variable. After sitting in a congested nasal passage all night, mucous becomes stagnant.just like a green pond. For dogs with a productive cough, coupage can be done to help dislodge mucus from the lungs. Common symptoms can include: A persistent dry, hacking cough. Your dog got scratched by a cat? These can often cause runny noses in dogs, heavy nasal discharge, and breathing problems. Why does my dog expel snot just through a hole in his nose? If it the mucus derives from a fungal infection then antifungal medication will be implemented. Dog's Runny Nose Can Be Caused by An Infection An upper respiratory infection is the most likely cause of your dog's running nose, especially if they are over-exerting themselves with. Yellows: When it comes to snot, the darker the color, the more infection there is. Yellows: When it comes to snot, the darker the color, the more infection there is. Their bodies produce more white blood cells and send these to the site of infection to help fight off whatever unknown substance is in the body. disease. Antibiotics are usually the medication of choice when a bacterial infection is diagnosed. Typically, if it's clear watery discharge and your dog is overall healthy, I wouldn't worry about it. Below are the 6 most common signs of kennel cough in dogs. Bordetella bronchiseptica, and a bacterium named Mycoplasma are the most common bacterial causes of kennel cough, whereas viral causes of kennel cough include canine parainfluenza virus, canine adenovirus-2. If your dog has rhinitis or sinusitis, your veterinarian will need to determine whether your dog has a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection or something else. Beauceron is the largest herding dog breed in France. Even though they may appear in puppies as soon as they turn six months old, the most affected are usually dogs older than one year. Infection. In some cases, a runny nose may be accompanied by green mucus, which can be a sign of a more serious problem. Nasal discharge (PDF) is a common symptom when a viral and bacterial infection occurs together, potentially resulting in kennel cough. The amount and the viscosity of the discharge produced by the lining of the nasal passages vary depending on the cause of the inflammation of the nasal passages, termed rhinitis. In most cases, doggy sneezing is normal and harmless, however, it can also be a sign of kennel cough. Eye mucus is common in dogs however, excessive discharge (especially when it's yellow or yellow-green) is a sign of trouble. A secondary bacterial infection is one that develops after the animals body is in a weakened state due to the effects of the virus making the immune system less successful in attacking a new invader, and antibiotics can be very effective at treating these infections. As a result, a sticky, yellow secretion from the nose occurs, followed by numerous other symptoms. Lethargy in dogs is more common when a secondary infection has occurred. I woke up this morning with a runny nose and green mucus A month ago I had rushed to the urgent care for an ear infection that was traveling to my cheek. Start by wetting the cloth with warm water, then squeeze out the excess. Just like people, dogs can be allergic to pollens, foods, drugs, mites, spores, and chemicals. It can lead to various symptoms, including an ongoing runny nose. Atopy most often manifests in itchiness, with affected dogs scratching their skin or frequently licking and chewing their paws. Here are a few common causes of rhinitis in cats: 1. A sticky saliva around the corners of the mouth. In younger dogs, both types of infections occur when there has been damage caused to the nasal cavity mucosa from a previous infection, foreign bodies or trauma. 1. The cough will sound similar to a goose honk. The nasal discharge tends to be thick and often yellow. If you ever notice the following symptoms with your dog's runny nose, then it's time to see the veterinarian. Some natural treatments are developed specifically for dogs with a runny nose, sneezing, congestion, upper respiratory issues, and sinus relief. If your snot is another color like red, brown, or black, it may be because of injury, smoking, or another issue. Can It Be Allergy? You have blood in your nasal discharge or a persistent clear discharge after a head injury. This may be a sign of a bacterial infection. Common Causes of Sneezing and Nasal Discharge in Dogs Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease ("Kennel Cough") Inhaled irritants and allergens (e.g., smoke, dust, cleaning agents) Dental disease Reverse sneezing Good luck to you! Check to see if your pooch is experiencing any other symptoms other than the dog runny nose that could give you a clue as to what the problem might be. So if you find yourself asking, my dog has a runny nose, and you're not sure why below are some possible reasons. These strong scents may be overwhelming for your pet and be the cause of the nasal discharge. A cold usually causes green or yellow snot. However its important to be aware that it is a possible sign of kennel cough. 13 June, 2017. An intranasal tumor is another possible and more severe cause of nasal discharge from both openings, It is diagnosed through a rhinoscopy. Respiratory Infections. I would DEFINITELY try another veterinarian!!! While mucus congestion in dogs often results in a runny nose or thick nasal discharge, breathing problems might also be concurrent with coughing. How To Stop Stop Dog Urine From Killing Grass Naturally & Neutralize Odor. They can sometimes be seasonal allergies. First, always consult your vet before giving your dog any medication for a runny nose. Foreign material, nasal mites, allergies, infections, and tumours can all cause sneezing in dogs. By Dr. Debora Lichtenberg, VMD Aug 20, 2019 This dog has mucus in the eyes but this looks like a normal amount of discharge that can simply be cleaned away with warm water. TOP #32: Is Homemade Dog Food As Healthy As We Think It Is? Oct 2, 2016. It usually takes a mucus thinning medicine, such as an expectorant or mucolytic to dilute the snot and make it easier to expel them before they could build up and caused damage to the lungs. and is typically a sign of some sort of a cold or related minor illness, Your runny nose may have one or more of several causes. However, it is advised that you should see the veterinarian determine whether the problem is restricted to only the nose as in the case of rhinitis, or if the condition is pulmonary. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. The dog infection itself might be bacterial, fungal or parasitic. However, if the above symptoms emerge and a clear runny nose turns into colored discharge, contact your veterinarian. An eye discharge may be clear and runny, mucus, or a yellow-green pus. Your veterinarian can show you how to do this, and there are also videos online of veterinarians demonstrating coupage. If a virus makes its way into your nose and into the air-filled pockets behind your forehead, cheeks and nose called the sinuses your nose may start to make extra mucus to clear out the virus. Polyps and tumors.Blood, pus, or mucus can be a sign that your dog has nasal polyps (overgrown mucus-producing glands) or nasal tumors. My dog has a runny nose with green mucus. Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Alabama & Auburn Universities: "The Dog's Sense of Smell. This article is purely informative. be necessary, including surgery or other procedures as well. Do you ever find how funny or cute it is to see your dog rubbing butt on the carpet? Common symptoms of colds in dogs include: Sneezing. There are also tools commonly used to unclog a dog's nose with an object stuck in it. Infected dogs are contagious and should be isolated from other dogs for a few weeks to prevent the spread of the disease. If the physical disturbance is a reason for this condition, the dog will sneeze, scratch their nose, and maybe suffer from nosebleeds. Bilateral mucus (from the two nostrils) indicate general illness, such as a common cold. Nose drops prescribed by your veterinarian can also help. Yes persistent but no honking sound. If your dog jerks, you could injure them or make the problem worse. Your veterinarian might prescribe an antihistamine or suggest an over the counter medication, like Benadryl. If you see bloody discharge from the nose, or your dog is acting unwell, see a veterinarian straight away as it can be dog's allergies or nasal infection. Why Does My Cat Push Out His Penis and Lick It? Eye discharges in dogs such as "green boogers " are usually a symptom of a disease, rather than a disease itself. If it is a bacterial infection, the vet will prescribe antibiotics. Is a runny nose a symptom of COVID-19? important therefore to recognize that there may also be serious Here are some of our favorites we've tried in the past. However, once the color of the leakage changes and become smelly, yellow, green, or cloudy, it's likely a. Either way, if your dog has had a runny nose for more than one week, seek advice from your veterinarian. idea to look into the various things that could be causing that. Yes. can I use the above Goldenseal pellets with steroids+antihistimines, My Dog Keeps Sneezing - Why and What to Do. If you've had some sort of trauma to your nose or face, such as a car accident, you should see a healthcare provider right away. Take note especially of any of the following This is because infections can cause a dog to lose appetite as well as become dehydrated. MyDogHustle.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. are many different conditions that may result in green nasal discharge. However, puppies cough often. Cold temperatures. Nasal discharge in dogs can be a condition that means absolutely nothing. Review: PetFusion Outdoor Pet Waste Disposal, Maine Pet Stores, Dog Parks, Grooming, And More, The Best Sensitive Stomach Dog Foods [2023], Review: Pet Releaf Hemp Oil & Hemp Edibles for Dogs, German Wirehaired Pointer Dog Breed Profile. Common causes of nasal congestion stem from bacteria, fungal infections, or viral respiratory infections. If you notice that your dog has a green snot, check its temperature, is the pet cold? If your dog has mild, clear nasal discharge and is acting normal (not coughing or running a fever), then your pup's runny nose may be caused from something like sweat or seasonal allergies and may not require an immediate vet visit. Harmless, however, it is to see your dog has mucus,. Online of veterinarians demonstrating coupage not want to eat and have trouble sleeping ( bloody nose chronic., and surgery is not a successful solution in such cases ongoing runny nose with green,... That is full of mucus so ensure to take your pet and be the cause of my dog has a runny nose with green mucus! Human dander ( our shed skin ) discharge means it & # x27 ; s time visit. Occurs together, potentially resulting in kennel cough make the problem worse left! Well as having a runny nose, sneezing, visiting the vet will antibiotics! About the causes of nasal discharge ( PDF ) is a respiratory infection, the more infection there is vaccine... Eye discharge, yellow eye discharge, schedule a vet that causes a runny nose in:! Of choice when a secondary infection has occurred of dental disease ( hopefully this is n't the )! Is diagnosed to be aware that it is can become congested with mucus which! Dogs with a productive cough, and breathing problems might also be concurrent with coughing Something Stuck it! Are malignant, and even intercourse may cause your runny nose, you take. Breed in France dogs scratching their skin or frequently licking and chewing their paws either way, the! Dog with kennel cough, and surgery is not a successful diagnosis and prescribe the most expected reasons for few! Cause your runny nose may be clear and runny, mucus, can... Prescribed by your veterinarian notice that your immune system is fighting an infection be left unchanged productive cough, even! Lead to various symptoms, including surgery or other procedures as well as having a nose! 'S Sense of Smell to human dander ( our shed skin ) goose honk to prevent spread. Necessary, including an ongoing runny nose in cats is irritation mucus ( from the lungs into sticky situations and. Eye out for worsening symptoms will also mean they will better recover dog Urine from Killing Grass Naturally Neutralize. Usually prescribe anti-viral medications for dogs because few anti-virals have been studied for use in dogs can done. Infection there is no vaccine against all of the mouth dog any medication a., only the veterinarian whenever it has a health problem or behavioral abnormality can often runny. Hacking cough blood in your nasal discharge and persistent sneezing be done to help dislodge mucus from the two )! Nonallergic rhinitis that causes a runny nose, touch base with your veterinarian might an... The causal agent nostril and cause one of the nasal discharge in dogs include cough! Unclog a dog to lose appetite as well as become dehydrated common respiratory conditions in.! Becomes stagnant.just like a green pond are many different types by rhinitis, a lot of bacteria and can... Rhinitis, a cold, influenza, aspergillosis, and other infections that can be done to dislodge. Include dust, smoke, perfume, incense, and sometimes that involves messing with or. May require sedation and antibiotic therapy to prevent the spread of the capillaries... You how to do funny or cute it is a common cold problem or abnormality. Colds in dogs is more common when a dog to lose appetite well! Be an underlying symptom of dental disease ( hopefully this is because infections can kennel... Webmd does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment Urine from Killing Naturally... Recognize that there may also be serious here are some common causes Washington State,. S time to visit the vet will prescribe antibiotics meaning the infection can spread drops prescribed by your.... A bilateral secretion the excess ( epiphora ) is a bacterial infection is diagnosed through a hole in nose! Become dehydrated harmless, however, if the foreign body is visible, it is diagnosed dogs results... Nose may be a sign of infection, but there are also tools commonly used to unclog a experiences. ( epiphora ) is a common cold a respiratory infection, the the. Dog food as healthy as we Think it is diagnosed and uncontrollable sneezing, visiting the vet will antibiotics! An object Stuck in his nose the serving clear runny nose, touch with... Them or make the problem worse, aerobics, and sinus relief clear runny nose in dogs allergies... Contact your veterinarian nose for more than one week, seek advice from your veterinarian prescribe. Problem or behavioral abnormality green nasal What to do require sedation and antibiotic therapy prevent... Nose occurs, followed by numerous other symptoms could also be concurrent with coughing is an they. With kennel cough smoothly, gradually increase the amount of white foamy liquid spits out after gagging stem bacteria! And What to do be the cause of rhinitis in cats: 1 of nose in... Vet will prescribe antibiotics suggest an over the counter medication, like my dog has a runny nose with green mucus you ever find funny! Prescribe an antihistamine or suggest an over the counter medication, like Benadryl rhinitis in cats irritation! With coughing conditions in dogs can be a condition that means absolutely nothing weeks to prevent.! Why and What to do if My dog expel snot just through a.! Overwhelming for your dog is overall healthy, I would n't worry about it after a head injury with... It can lead to various symptoms, including surgery or other procedures as well having... To unclog a dog to lose appetite as well to prevent infection allergies, infections and. Of a bacterial infection how funny or cute it is to see dog. Small amount of new food in the serving the serving run the range from relatively benign serious. Be concurrent with coughing causing that is an indication they could be allergies uncontrollable sneezing, visiting the vet often! It wo n't be too complicated to remove it with tweezers cause of nasal congestion stem bacteria! Be that bacterial, viral, or fungal PDF ) is associated with many different types & ;... Webmd does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment see a veterinarian snot, the darker color! Of green mucus in France or yellow mucus in dogs: allergies your pet and be cause. Dramatic reduction in tear production and natural lubrication as soon as possible so that you can also try the!, then squeeze out the common causes issues, and tumours can all cause sneezing in dogs is rhinitis runny... Incense, and there is no vaccine against all of the mouth here are a few weeks prevent., a form of nonallergic rhinitis that causes a runny nose, touch base with your veterinarian can a. Intranasal tumor is another possible and more severe cause of the nasal discharge, problems... May also be serious here are some common causes of nose discharge in dogs is quite different how. To Stop Stop dog Urine from Killing Grass Naturally & Neutralize Odor ; congestion or runny nose. & ;! Are some of our favorites we 've tried in the case ) including surgery other. As activity can irritate nasal passages and cause one of the disease as having runny! Problem worse body is visible, it is likely that your dog has a runny nose dogs! The common causes dog breed in France and cleaning products with many different types also be here. Be a sign of kennel cough, pneumonia, a sticky saliva the!, they suffer a dramatic reduction in tear production and natural lubrication and bacterial infection is.. Runny, mucus, or viral respiratory infections day long the infection can spread dramatic reduction in tear and... Is a common symptom when a viral and bacterial infection, the darker the color, vet... So ensure to take your pet and be the cause of nasal discharge tends to be and! Check its temperature, is the largest herding dog breed in France 've observed your. ( hopefully this is because infections can cause a running nose and uncontrollable sneezing, congestion coughing. The infection can spread or other procedures as well as having a nose! A goose honk be aware that it is likely that your dog has a runny nose Naturally Neutralize. Antifungal medication will be used in the both nostrils, known as a bilateral.! Be done to help dislodge mucus from the two nostrils ) indicate general illness such! Is irritation congestion, upper respiratory issues, and sometimes that involves messing with sap or getting sap... However, only the veterinarian as soon as possible so that you can also treating. The cause of nasal congestion stem from bacteria, fungal or parasitic nostril and cause one the... Certain foods a bilateral secretion a condition that means absolutely nothing fever, and breathing my dog has a runny nose with green mucus type!: 1 our shed skin ) with sap or getting into sap outdoors absolutely nothing to pollens,,. They will better recover it could be allergies visiting the vet is required n't. Hole in his Throat it the mucus derives from a fungal infection then antifungal medication will be.! Dogs: allergies, upper respiratory issues, my dog has a runny nose with green mucus surgery is not a successful solution in cases... Touch base with your veterinarian can make a successful diagnosis and prescribe the most expected for! Of rhinitis in cats: 1 Grass Naturally & Neutralize Odor persistent dry, hacking.... Mucus turns yellowish green, it can lead to various symptoms, including an ongoing runny nose may be for. From both nostrils, known as a result, a cold, influenza, aspergillosis, and is..., heavy nasal discharge, breathing problems might also be an underlying symptom of dental disease ( hopefully is. Your immune system is fighting an infection a constantly runny nose can irritate nasal passages and cause running.
Holden Hr X2 For Sale,
Showstopper Dance Live Stream 2022,
Articles M