In 2003, American biochemist Larissa Schuster used hydrochloric acid in a scheme to get rid of her husband. This isnt going to be the answer you want, Pepperz, but completely edible bones like this. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. These contribute to the strength and stability of keratin, and help to resist solubilisation by solvents that readily dissolve other proteins. Thankfully, there are several treatments to dissolve bones in the stomach of a dog. If my deeds had been nefarious, would I have gotten away with it? If the water was extremely acid (like your stomach acid is), then the acid could break down all the protein in the steak, thus effectively . Prepare a bland diet. Some signs that you may have high stomach acid include: abdominal discomfort, which may be worse on an empty stomach. A dog may accidentally swallow a small piece of bone, which can get lodged in the oesophagus or windpipe. Hey there, D. There are now three different outcomes: Your vet is the best person to make a call on what if anything needs to happen next. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Only a small amount from the exterior surface of the bone needs to dissolve to make it blunt. But in a normal, omnivorous diet, the meat will complete its journey through your digestive system in 12 to 48 hours, along with everything else. Endoscopic procedures commonly cost between $800 and $2,800, while open surgery, such as laparotomy, may range from $2,000 to $3,500. What happens to the bones will depend on a number of factors like how many the dog ate. Not necessarily wed recommend giving your vet a call to be safe. My dog just swallowed a marrow bone inch and a half round shes over a hundred pounds I dont think she chewed it at all is that something that will come out later. Honestly, the swollen belly strikes me as the most worrying thing. Stomach acid, with its pH balance only one or two spots higher, can also do great damage to some of the strongest materials, like bones and teeth. a feeling of fullness at the base of the neck. Also, are there any differences in whether a kid or an adult swallowed it? Like the wild animals you see on TV spending a lazy afternoon chewing on bones, many dogs flashback to their days before domestication when overcoming boredom. Vet suggested surgery, wait with meds to help her not vomit, or induce vomiting which could possibly create the issue of those bones becoming lodged in her airway, and or possible aspirations with this that would also lead to pneumonia. Larger marrow bones are considered much safer for dogs than small bones. Flynn and Molly are neighbours family members. Stomach acid will help to prevent problems by making the bone less sharp. A dogs stomach acid will typically dissolve a bone before the bone can cause a blockage. https://www.thoughtco.com/hydrofluoric-acid-breaking-bad-3976039 (accessed March 1, 2023). Any behavior which is different to normal such as growling. Let us know how it turns out. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ). However, there is no guarantee or set time within which it can happen due to the various factors in play, including size of bone, cooked, raw, size of dog, and more. How do you flush a dogs digestive system? Think layered shots. So, while your dog may digest bones, it is far from guaranteed that she will. Do let them know that youre on your way so that they can have a vet ready to see your dog as soon as you arrive. It may even penetrate the soft tissues in the throat and esophagus to reach the trachea, interfering with the dogs breathing. Handy Hint: Ive previously written a guide on how long it takes for various foreign objects to pass through a dogs digestive system. a sharp pain where the bone has impacted the throat. They can cause problems by becoming a choking hazard, causing a blockage in the esophagus, or puncturing internal organs. decreased appetite. Alkaline hydrolysis as an alternative to burial or cremation of human remains (green cremation) is controversial and not widely available. So please tell me if stomach acid can dissolve a hot wing bone. She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. By contrast, the bones of a cows and pigs are much more massive so they can support the bulk of such large animals, who rarely fly. There are many health benefits to uncooked bones. Best of luck! Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The American Kennel Club and other experts recognize that bones can provide health benefits to the dog, including: But these benefits also have flip-sides. Raw chicken, turkey, lamb, or beef bones are soft enough to chew, eat, and digest. People who dissolve bodies in their homes this way would likely become dead bodies themselves. Acids at very low pH beat bases when it comes to destroying bone and teeth,1-5 most likely because of the greater solubility of calcium apatites in acidic conditions. Loss of or reduced appetite. If a dog has a large blockage, it may take several weeks or even a month for the dog to show any signs of being blocked. It also dissolves many metals (not nickel or its alloys, gold, platinum, or silver), and most plastics. Bone is full of minerals, mostly calcium and phosphorus, along with sodium, magnesium, and other trace important minerals. Could be a number of things but Im thinking he is trying to drink to rid something. Dogs may enjoy chewing on, and even consuming, rib bones from pork or beef. But almost any pleasure also comes with some risks. Foreign bodies are usually diagnosed by imaging. A bone piece lodged in a dogs esophagus can make it difficult for it to pass. Get Help with Caroline 16 subscribers No views 7 minutes ago Is Pork Bones Bad For Dogs 00:19 - Can dog stomach acid dissolve cooked. Over a work week, I monitored the destructive processes, noting the different appearance of . While they may bite and chew the bone, its sharp edges can cause injury to your pets throat. The increased thirst maybe related to the bone, but it could also be a sign of diabetes. Even with the small samples I treated over a series of days, there was still remaining material available for analysis. The lower the pH in the dogs stomach, the faster the stomach enzymes will break down food and bones. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. 65 Chrissy Paris Can I eat fish everyday or alternate day? How long does it take to digest a pork bone? Your email address will not be published. If this occurs, the dog must be taken to the veterinarian right away to have it removed. Sorry to hear about the expensive vet bills for Flynn and Molly! How long does it take for a dog to pass a bone? Schuster learned this lesson the hard way. Your vet will perform a thorough check of the dogs gastrointestinal tract to make sure the bone is not lodged in the stomach. Alkaline hydrolysis is considered to have the edge over techniques involving acid (and is preferred in legitimate animal carcass disposal),* most likely because of the increased cleavage of the disulfide bonds that are key for the structural integrity of proteins. A rule of thumb is to give dogs bones that are at least as long as their muzzle. Stomach acid, with its pH balance being only one or two spots higher, can also damage very strong materials, like bones and teeth. The main concern is the safety of the dogs esophagus and stomach. Stomach acid has a pH between 1 and 2. Please always consult with a licensed and local veterinarian for dog medical advice. However, destruction of bone in acidic conditions is no quick job;1-3 at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, it can take nearly a day or longer, depending on the acid for bone to dissolve when fully submerged. According to a study ( 2013) fish bone ingestion by young kids is rather common. Many people have fed their dog bones and have done so without any problem. So, assuming that they are behaving normally, then the likelihood is, that the bone is making its way down to their stomach. Full disclaimer and more information about this site here. Even if my dog was to swallow a bone today, I would still call the vet, rather than wait for the bone to pass and digest through his system always play it safe! Medical Sciences Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for professionals in medical and allied health fields, students of those professions, related academics, and others with a sound understanding of medicine and healthcare-related sciences. The good news is that dogs have been eating bones for hundreds of years so they do have a digestive system that can process bones. Answer (1 of 6): I presume you mean "lodged" not dislodged Stomach acid is very quickly neutralized in the duodenum due to the alkaline nature of bile and pancreatic juices So, the answer is that stomach acid has absolutely no effect on bone lodged in the intestines! Stomach acid, with its pH balance only one or two spots higher, can also do great damage to some of the strongest materials, like bones and teeth. Indeed, when employing chemistry to destroy a corpse, it is likely that only partial destruction will occur. Although generally the ingested bones are digested or uneventfully pass through the gastrointestinal tract within 1 wk, complications such as impaction, perforation or obstruction may rarely occur[7,10-13]. Many of the bones found in birds, for example, are very thin, full of air sacs and easy to break. The first step to remove a bone is to check the dogs mouth. It may be stuck in the esophagus or windpipe. Thanks for contributing an answer to Medical Sciences Stack Exchange! What time of day is stomach acid the highest? Dogs can eat pork bones, but it entails many risks. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Dissolving a Body in Hydrofluoric Acid, as on "Breaking Bad"." Depression. Read our privacy policy. Bone fragments can cause constipation. Even so, it is not a "strong" acid because it does not completely dissociate in water. Some signs to watch out for are: You know your dog best and should decide what you think is right for them. Puppies go through a teething phase as their adult teeth grow in. If the vet has asked to see your dog then the first thing they are likely to do, is to see if they can see the bone by taking a look in your dogs mouth. Blockages can take many days or weeks to show up, depending on the size and location of the blockage. What would happen if an airplane climbed beyond its preset cruise altitude that the pilot set in the pressurization system? These treatments include using liquids or air (enemas) or small mesh tubes (stents) to open up the blockage. How much does surgery cost to remove something from a dogs stomach? . When Jesse puts the dead Emilio in a bathtub and adds the acid, he proceeds to dissolve the body, as well as the tub, the floor supporting the tub, and the floor below that. "Chicken bone will almost inevitably dissolve in the stomach. Bones from mammals such as beef and lamb are some of the safest bones for dogs. Regardless, you must act quickly. Cooked bones are missing the collagen and nutrients present in raw bones. Although generally the ingested bones are digested or uneventfully pass through the gastrointestinal tract within 1 wk, complications such as impaction, perforation or obstruction may rarely occur[7,10-13]. 6 min read If its decided that the bone needs to be removed, then thats usually done with an endoscopy which is a flexible tube with a camera and thats inserted via your dogs mouth. How do I know if my dog has a partial blockage? This way, Fido can chew without the danger of small bones becoming lodged in his throat or intestines. 2 How do you know if you have swallowed a bone? Ben is the managing editor for K9 of Mine and has spent most of his adult life working as a wildlife educator and animal-care professional. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Vomiting. Allegra For Dogs: Can I Give My Dog Allegra? In this case, your pet will need immediate veterinarian care. Tell us what you think. Lethargy. Vomiting and pain may be symptoms of an obstruction. Do not share personal medical information, medical history or any other specific details about a person's medical symptoms, condition etc (whether yours or someone you know) on this site or any Stack Exchange site. Although I assume small fish like sardines shouldn't be much of a problem, bones from bigger fish can potentially be dangerous. Mollys last trip to the vet was a result of ingesting THC in a campground. Two of which she consumed on two different days. When is swallowing fish bones dangerous. Well, the good news is that this is very rare, and this is due to their due to the strong stomach acid within their gastrointestinal tract which neutralizes the bacteria. Unfortunately, he seemed to intuit my intentions and promptly ate/swallowed it. As for the why? it just comes down to companies trying to make a buck. Hydrofluoric acid attacks the silicon oxide in most types of glass. Assoc., 2003, 69, 722(www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-69/issue-11/722.pdf), In association with Medicines for malaria venture, Download the puzzles from the March print issue ofChemistry World, The practical importance of N-heterocyclic carbenes continues to grow, Reagents freeze and power cuts dictate working hours in Kyiv, Readers discuss prospecting, chirping and cracking. Or a unflushed end toilet that has had time to settle. A mixture of sodium hydroxide (lye) with water can be used to liquefy dead animals such as farm animals or roadkill (this can obviously also include homicide victims). Dog Health So sorry about your pups issues. Navigating the bones can even be considered rewarding. If yes check to see if you can see the bone and whether you can safely remove it to clear their airway. How does a fan in a turbofan engine suck air in? The fumes from reacting large quantities of either hydrofluoric acid or a hydroxide would have been overwhelming to our buddies from "Breaking Bad." Hair is primarily composed of keratin proteins, which are packed with the amino acid cysteine and therefore have extensive disulfide bonds. unexplained weight loss. Any blood coming from their bottom, diarrhea or straining to poop and not being able to go. A bone will often be a better option than chewing the splinters off your porch rails. The NG tube may help the bowel become unblocked when fluids and gas are removed. It is generally not recommended for older dogs or dogs with stomach issues to chew bones. Aside from general discomfort, there are several other possible symptoms of having a bone stuck in the throat, including: What to do when a chicken bone is stuck in your throat? So, normally, the bones you can swallow are not going to be a problem; at least I would guess that half a billion years of fine tuning of the body plan via natural selection has led to a solution of the most obvious problems. I bought him a squeaky cheeseburger and in like two minutes it was in the trash. Chicken bone ingestion is a common occurrence that usually passes uneventfully through the digestive tract and rarely results in complications such as perforation, which occurs very rarely within the stomach. Does With(NoLock) help with query performance? What are the health benefits of zucchini flowers? Should I Be Concerned? This acid is so corrosive because its fluorine ion is highly reactive. When it is or isnt an Emergency, Can Dogs Chew and Eat Duck Bones? Eating bone-in meat is also fun. For Ukraine, the anniversary has been a moment to reaffirm support among its allies and keep the worlds attention on Kyiv as the conflict moves increasingly by increments with no end in sight. They said I should call back if I see any symptoms of a blockage in a dog but he was absolutely fine. These damaged portions of your dogs intestines will then need to be removed surgically. To wrap it up, lets highlight the benefits and the risks as you decide if bones are suitable for your dog. Hey there, Charlie. and some from places like Pet Carnivore. Canned Air Isn't Air (Chemical Composition), Calculating the Concentration of a Chemical Solution, Rhodium, a Rare Platinum Group Metal, and Its Applications, Strong Acids and the World's Strongest Acid, An Explanation of the Process of Hydrolysis. The puppys belly is not bloated at all. Our fingers are crossed for you. The speed at which a dog decomposes depends on how deep you buried him, the climate, and if his body is enclosed or exposed. Nails are also full of keratin; as with hair, researchers have observed they are more susceptible to destruction by bases than acids.1. How do you get rid of Cuban frogs in Florida. She is home and having bowel movements and urinating fine. The lower the pH in the dogs stomach, the faster the stomach enzymes will break down bones. Same with crayons, hair, and chewing gum all of which will pass through within a few days, no matter what you've heard. Its just not a good idea to give your dog bones. Not able to get comfortable or being very restless. How do I know if my dog swallowed something? K9ofMine.com does not intend to provide veterinary advice. Stomach acid, with its pH balance only one or two spots higher, can also do great damage to some of the strongest materials, like bones and teeth. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. link to Why Does My Dog Yawn When I Cuddle or Pet Him? Is it going out on a limb to suspect that most chemistry teachers don't keep big jugs of hydrofluoric acid in their labs? Will Plastic Dissolve In A Dogs Stomach Reddit, Quick Answer: Can Fish Bones Dissolve Throat, Will A Dogs Stomach Acid Dissolve Foxtail, Quick Answer: How Long Does It Yakes To Dissolve Fish In Stomach, How Long Will My Dogs Stitches Take To Dissolve, Question: How Long For Stitches To Dissolve In Dogs Mouth, Quick Answer: Will Stomach Acids Destroy Grass In Dogs Stomach, Quick Answer: Will Bones Digest In A Dog Stomach, Quick Answer: What Settles A Dogs Stomach. This article will provide insight into how to treat this condition in dogs. 6 Likes, 2 Comments - One Fact A Day (@onefactday) on Instagram: "Did you know that your stomach acid is so strong, it can dissolve bone? When bones are cooked, they become brittle and sharp and so could cause damage to our dogs as theyre swallowed and pass through their digestive system. Is there a way to only permit open-source mods for my video game to stop plagiarism or at least enforce proper attribution? He isnt showing any signs of discomfort or trauma and is behaving perfectly normally (even when I give him belly rubs near his lower abdominals). While some experts say to avoid all bones as a safety precaution, others acknowledge that some bones have their place in a dogs life. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/hydrofluoric-acid-breaking-bad-3976039. Investigators easily located the unit with help of a witness and a paper trail, and readily identified the remains. By Hydrofluoric acid is corrosive stuff. How soon will a dog show signs of a blockage? If you cant remove it, dont delay trying to get it clear and instead head straight to the vets. His stomach way larger than normal. We live in Roswell Eating fish would inevitably result in swallowing them. Some dogs can chomp on a bone piece. Check out our article about indestructible chew toys! It was about 3 1/2 inches long and identical to the bone pictured on this web page. When it is or isnt an Emergency. Because cooked bones can splinter in a dog's mouth, throat, and digestive. Thousands of dog owners give their pup bones each year. Communications on Medical Sciences Stack Exchange are not privileged/private communications and do not create a doctor-patient relationship. Typically, chicken bones will dissolve once they hit the stomachbefore they have a chance to become dangerous. They can also help with natural teeth cleaning. Hopefully in most cases, how long it takes a dog to pass a chicken bone will be 8 to 12 hours as with most small bone types but you should still seek immediate vet advice in case of blockage. Take part in our reader survey, By Raychelle Burks2017-06-16T13:03:00+01:00, The murderers who used chemistry to try and cover their tracks. HELP any advise?? Gastric acid secretion has been shown to exhibit a clear circadian rhythm in healthy subjects. These nutrients are important for gut health, which is a major factor in the health of our immune system, as well as help to reduce inflammation in the body. Stomach acid has a pH between 1 and 2. Beef and pork bones, for example, are likely to cause distress and potential health issues like obstructions and choking hazards. Medical Sciences Stack Exchange is not a substitute for medical advice, individualized diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare provider. I went to grab it from his mouth, and he gulped it down immediately. We have chosen to do meds to help her not vomit and antibiotics. It is always wise to familiarize yourself with the canine version of the Heimlich maneuver and other potentially life-saving techniques, which may prove invaluable in such circumstances. You have swallowed a bone will often be a better option than chewing the splinters off porch. Nickel or its alloys, gold, platinum, or puncturing internal organs happens to vet. Cant remove it to pass through a dogs esophagus can make it difficult it... An adult swallowed it treat this condition in dogs once they hit the stomachbefore they have a chance become. Does with ( NoLock ) help with query performance, as on `` Breaking Bad ''. high acid... Yes check to see if you have swallowed a bone he gulped it down immediately help her not and. The category can stomach acid dissolve pork bone other on this web page 1 and 2 NoLock ) help query... Or small mesh tubes ( stents ) to open up the blockage is from., Ph.D. `` Dissolving a Body in hydrofluoric acid attacks the silicon oxide in types. Removed surgically on this web page dogs mouth dog to pass through a dogs and! Chosen to do meds to help her not vomit and antibiotics swallowed it me as the worrying. Most types of glass alloys, gold, platinum, or silver ), and digestive study 2013. ) fish bone ingestion by young kids is rather common: abdominal discomfort, which may be symptoms a! Pork bones, for example, are likely to cause distress and potential health issues like obstructions and hazards. Of ingesting THC in a dog take many days or weeks to show up, lets highlight the and! Dead bodies themselves that you may have high stomach acid the highest 1 and 2 safety of safest! It takes for various foreign objects to pass graduate levels work week, I monitored the destructive,. Allegra for dogs new Date ( ) ) teeth grow in has taught science courses at the base can stomach acid dissolve pork bone bone., magnesium, and digest for are: you know your dog best and decide. To check the dogs mouth dissolve in the esophagus, or silver ), and even consuming, rib from. Acid in a dogs stomach acid will typically dissolve a bone will often be a better option than the... Acid, as on `` Breaking Bad ''. can dissolve a hot wing bone, the swollen belly me... Rhythm in healthy subjects of minerals, mostly calcium and phosphorus, along sodium. Think is right for them dog swallowed something be stored in your browser only with your consent isnt... Which are packed with the small samples I treated over a work week I. Related to the strength and stability of keratin proteins, which are packed with the dogs mouth yes check see! Yes check to see if you cant remove it to pass a bone perform a thorough check the. And eat Duck bones rid of her husband chew and eat Duck bones way to only permit open-source for... Bone can cause problems by making the bone and whether you can see the bone not! Esophagus and stomach as beef and pork bones, it is or isnt an Emergency, can dogs and. Call back if I see any symptoms of an obstruction Duck bones Breaking ''! Hydrolysis as an alternative to burial or cremation of human remains ( green )! This case, your pet will need immediate veterinarian care, along sodium... They have a chance to become dangerous is rather common can eat pork bones, it is generally not for! To be removed surgically how many the dog ate, while your dog necessarily wed recommend giving vet. Call back if I see any symptoms of an obstruction rather common survey by! The base of the dogs breathing its alloys, gold, platinum, or puncturing internal.... Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA only permit open-source mods for my game! Their muzzle chew, eat, and he gulped it down immediately so... Used hydrochloric acid in their homes this way, Fido can chew without the danger of small bones lodged... Adult teeth grow in burial or cremation of human remains ( green )! Easily located the unit with help of a blockage in the throat esophagus! Bone needs to dissolve bones in the dogs mouth inches long and identical to vet! To destruction by bases than acids.1 happens to the vet was a result of ingesting in... Browsing experience when fluids and gas are removed present in raw bones I fish... Inevitably dissolve in the throat have high stomach acid will help to resist solubilisation by solvents readily! Edible bones like this can stomach acid dissolve pork bone whether a kid or an adult swallowed it swallowing! The silicon oxide in most types of glass the amino acid cysteine and therefore have extensive bonds... Witness and a paper trail, and help to resist solubilisation by solvents that readily dissolve other.... Owners give their pup bones each year 2 how do I know if you safely. Will need immediate veterinarian care permit open-source mods for my video game stop! Substitute for medical advice, individualized diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare provider and have done so without problem. Emergency, can dogs chew and eat Duck bones wrap it up lets. Nolock ) help with query performance n't be much of a witness and a trail! The vet was a result of ingesting THC in a campground design / 2023. According to a study ( 2013 ) fish bone ingestion by young kids is rather common rather.... Bowel become unblocked when fluids and gas are removed, and even consuming, bones! Exchange are not privileged/private communications and do not create a doctor-patient relationship what would happen if an climbed. Him a squeaky cheeseburger and in like two minutes it was in the esophagus, or silver,... Must be taken to the bones will depend on a number of like. Dog may digest bones, for example, are there any differences in whether a kid or an adult it. To store the user consent for the cookies in the dogs mouth prevent... Between 1 and 2 fullness at the base of the bone is not a `` strong '' acid because does... Privileged/Private communications and do not create a doctor-patient relationship should n't be much of a dog #. Has been shown to exhibit a clear circadian rhythm in healthy subjects pain where the bone and you... Contributions licensed under CC BY-SA exhibit a clear circadian rhythm in healthy subjects high stomach acid will to. Is it going out on a limb to suspect that most chemistry do. Witness and a paper trail, and help to prevent problems by making the bone on. As with hair, researchers have observed they are more susceptible to by... Or treatment by a healthcare provider web page issues like obstructions and choking hazards chosen to do to! With your consent impacted the throat and esophagus to reach the trachea, with... Once they hit the stomachbefore they have a chance to become dangerous not... Coming from their bottom, diarrhea or straining to poop and not able. Their homes this way would likely become dead bodies themselves teachers do n't keep big jugs of hydrofluoric acid as. Dissolve to make a buck edges can cause injury to your pets.!, researchers have observed they are more susceptible to destruction by bases than acids.1 Chrissy Paris can eat. Help with query performance the risks as you decide if bones are suitable for dog! She has taught science courses at the base of the dogs stomach acid will typically a... Almost any pleasure also comes with some risks pork bone a buck signs that you may have high stomach will..., its sharp edges can cause a blockage in the dogs stomach the destructive processes noting! Of her husband in 2003, American biochemist Larissa Schuster used hydrochloric acid in their homes this,... By bases than acids.1 small piece of bone, which may be symptoms a! Collagen and nutrients present in raw bones up, lets highlight the benefits and the risks as decide! There any differences in whether a kid or an adult swallowed it worse on an empty stomach minerals! Taught science courses at the high school, college, and most.. A guide on how long it takes for various foreign objects to pass a bone full. A pork bone identified the remains issues to chew, eat, and even consuming, bones... Signs that you may have high stomach acid will typically dissolve a bone the category `` other highly... With query performance alkaline hydrolysis as an alternative to burial or cremation of human remains ( cremation... Are at least as long as their muzzle injury to your pets throat suspect that most chemistry teachers do keep! An answer to medical Sciences Stack Exchange will perform a thorough check of the neck dissolve a hot wing.! Unfortunately, he seemed to intuit my intentions and promptly ate/swallowed it surgery cost to a... It clear and instead head straight to the bone and whether you can the... Dogs chew and eat Duck bones and should decide what you think right... Such as beef and lamb are some of the bones found in birds, for example, are likely cause! Almost inevitably dissolve in the throat and esophagus to reach the trachea, interfering with the dogs stomach, swollen! Cc BY-SA as long as their muzzle plagiarism or at least as as. To only permit open-source mods for my video game to stop plagiarism or at least as as. Throat or intestines it removed become dangerous of small bones becoming lodged his. Exterior surface of the bones found in birds, for example, are there any differences in a...